考虑一个半径为a,长度无限大的圆柱形导体。假设电磁场是时变场,则在圆柱中有频率为ω的正弦交流电流。由麦克斯韦方程组,
麦克斯韦-法拉第方程:

麦克斯韦-安培方程:

其中:
在导体中,欧姆定律的微分形式为:

σ是导体的电导率。
我们假设导体是均匀的,于是导体各处的μ和σ都相同。于是有:


在圆柱坐标系(r, θ, z)(z为圆柱导体的轴心)中,设电磁波随z轴前进,由对称性,电流密度是一个只和r有关的函数:

取麦克斯韦-法拉第方程两边的旋度,就有:

也就是:

由之前对电流密度的假设,
,因此有:

在圆柱坐标系中,拉普拉斯算子
写作:

令
,再将方程两边乘上r2就得到电流密度应该满足的方程:

在进行代换
后,方程变为一个齐次的贝塞尔方程:

由电流密度在r = 0的连续性,方程的解具有
的形式,其中J0是零阶的第一类贝塞尔函数。于是:

其中j0是一个常数,k为:

其中δ是集肤深度,
,

最后,电流密度为:

其中ber和bei是0阶的开尔文-贝塞尔函数。
于是通过整个截面的电流总和就是:

记Ber和Bei为相应的原函数:

便有如下更简洁的形式:

我们还可以计算从圆柱表面到离轴心距离r处的电流总和:
![{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}I(r)&=&\int _{a-r}^{a}j(r^{\prime })\,2\,\pi \,r^{\prime }\,dr^{\prime }\\&=&\pi \,\delta ^{2}\,j_{0}\,\left(Ber({\frac {{\sqrt {2}}\,a}{\delta }})-Ber({\frac {{\sqrt {2}}\,r}{\delta }})+i\,[Bei({\frac {{\sqrt {2}}\,a}{\delta }})-Bei({\frac {{\sqrt {2}}\,r}{\delta }})]\right)\end{matrix}}}](//wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/010a9cb5827793c611695150bf5ae768ce14c931)
于是有电流的分布函数:
![{\displaystyle {\frac {I(r)}{I}}={\frac {Ber({\frac {{\sqrt {2}}\,a}{\delta }})-Ber({\frac {{\sqrt {2}}\,r}{\delta }})+i\,[Bei({\frac {{\sqrt {2}}\,a}{\delta }})-Bei({\frac {{\sqrt {2}}\,r}{\delta }})]}{Ber({\frac {{\sqrt {2}}\,a}{\delta }})+i\,Bei({\frac {{\sqrt {2}}\,a}{\delta }})}}}](//wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68e640d42347c4a8b9df85f2085e2b2004cd465b)
一般来说,在给定的频率下,使得导线对交流电的电阻增加百分之十的直径大约是:

以上的导线对交流电的电阻只对于孤立的导线成立。对于两根邻近的导线,交流电阻会受到邻近效应的影响而显著增大。