環聯星運轉行星

環聯星運轉行星（circumbinary planet）是一類處於聯星系統之中，並環繞兩顆恆星而非其中一顆運轉的行星。考慮到聯星之間較近的距離和運行軌道，該類行星只能在聯星相互公轉的軌道之外形成。目前確定存在環聯星運轉行星的聯星系統只有：PSR B1620-26、開普勒16b、開普勒34、開普勒35、開普勒38、開普勒47、室女座DT、室女座NY、獅子座DP、天爐座UZ、雕具座RR、寶瓶座HU、巨蛇座NN、室女座HW、NSVS 14256825^[1] 和PH1^[2]。

在搜尋系外行星的最初幾年時間裏，科學家普遍認為聯星系統中根本不會存在行星（更不用說相互距離很近的聯星）。但是，某些發現了行星的聯星系統（如天鵝座16）證明了這一觀點是錯誤的。2003年，發現了第一顆被證實存在於聯星系統中的系外行星PSR B1620-26c。^[3]該行星所在的聯星系統包含一顆脈衝星和一顆白矮星，兩者在相距約1天文單位的軌道上相互公轉。^[4]該行星被歸類為脈衝星行星，目前只發現了四顆該類行星。^[5]

1999年，科學家宣稱通過微引力透鏡法發現了一顆環繞一對緊密聯星（MACHO-1997-BLG-41）運轉的行星。當時他們發現該行星的軌道距離聯星系統較遠，不過後來的觀測發現其軌道向內收縮了。^[6]

2000年，人們又猜測在天龍座CM聯星系統中存在着一顆巨行星，其公轉周期在750-1050個地球日之間。雖然至今仍未確定在該聯星系統中存在行星，但是科學家們斷定確定該系統中存在行星只是時間問題。^[7]

2007年，科學家在HD 98800系統中發現了一個由塵埃構成的圓環，其中可能會產生新的環聯星運轉行星。HD 98800不是一個簡單的聯星系統，而是由兩個相互圍繞公轉的聯星系統構成的。其中一個子聯星系統中包含了這個圓環。^[8]

2008年，科學家證實在室女座HW中存在着一顆環繞聯星系統運轉的行星（同樣圍繞該系統運轉的還有一顆褐矮星）。^[9]這顆行星——室女座HWc的質量比木星還大，環繞兩顆母星運轉的公轉周期為9年。^[10]

於2011年9月15日，天文學家公佈了第一個透過凌發現的環聯星運轉行星。^[11]^[12]該行星即為距地球200光年的天鵝座內的開普勒16b。天文學家們相信開普勒16b是一個充滿岩石和氣體的冰封世界，質量與土星相若。開普勒16b所環繞的聯星亦圍繞着質心公轉，其中一個的大小約為2/3個太陽，而另一個的大小則為1/5個太陽。^[13]

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More information 恆星系統, 行星 ...

恆星系統	行星	質量下限（木星質量）	半長軸（天文單位）	軌道周期（年）	發現年份	參考
PSR B1620-26	b	2.5	23	100	2003	^[14]
HD 202206	c	2.44	2.55	3.79	2005	^[6]
獅子座DP	b	6.28 ± 0.58	8.6	23.8	2009	^[15]
巨蛇座NN	c	6.91 ± 0.54	5.38 ± 0.20	15.50 ± 0.45	2010	^[16]
巨蛇座NN	d	2.28 ± 0.38	3.39 ± 0.10	7.75 ± 0.35	2010	^[17]
室女座DT	c	8.5 ± 2.5	1168	33081	2010	^[18]
開普勒16	b	0.333 ± 0.016	0.7048 ± 0.0011	0.6266 ± 0.0001	2011	^[19]
室女座NY	b	2.3 ± 0.3	3.3	7.9	2011	^[20]
雕具座RR	b	4.2 ± 0.4	5.3 ± 0.6	11.9	2012	^[21]
開普勒34	b	0.220 ± 0.0011	1.0896 ± 0.0009	0.7908 ± 0.0002	2012	^[22]
開普勒35	b	0.127 ± 0.02	0.603 ± 0.001	0.3600 ± 0.1	2012	^[22]
開普勒38	b	0.38	0.4644 ± 0.0082	0.289	2012	^[23]
開普勒47	b	未知	0.2956 ± 0.0047	0.136	2012	^[24]
開普勒47	c	未知	0.989 ± 0.016	0.83	2012	^[24]
開普勒64	PH1	0.11 ± 0.3	0.634 ± 0.011	0.379	2012	^[25]
ROXs 42B	b	10±4	140		2013
金牛座FW	b	10±4	330		2013
開普勒413	b	0.21	0.3553	0.181	2014	^[26]

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More information 恆星系統, 行星 ...

恆星系統	行星	質量下限（木星質量）	半長軸（天文單位）	軌道周期（年）	發現年份	參考
MACHO-1997-BLG-41	MACHO-1997-BLG-41 b	~3	~7	?	1999	^[27]

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[1]
Megan L. A. Almeida, F. Jablonski and C. V. Rodrigues. circumbinary planets: Two circumbinary planets in the eclipsing post-common envelope system NSVS 14256825. 2012. arXiv:1210.3055 .
[2]
Megan E. Schwamb, Jerome A. Orosz, Joshua A. Carter, William F. Welsh, Debra A. Fischer, Guillermo Torres, Andrew W. Howard, Justin R. Crepp, William C. Keel, Chris J. Lintott, Nathan A. Kaib, Dirk Terrell, Robert Gagliano, Kian J. Jek, Michael Parrish, Arfon M. Smith, Stuart Lynn, Robert J. Simpson, Matthew J. Giguere, Kevin Schawinski. Planet Hunters: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet in a Quadruple Star System. 2012. arXiv:1210.3612 . doi:10.1086/319061.
[3]
Thorsett, S. E.; Arzoumanian, Z.; Taylor, J. H. PSR B1620-26 - A binary radio pulsar with a planetary companion?. Astrophysical Journal Part 2. Letters. 1993, 412 (1): L33–L36. Bibcode:1993ApJ...412L..33T. doi:10.1086/186933.
[4]
Sigurðsson, Steinn; Richer, Harvey B.; Hansen, Brad M.; Stairs, Ingrid H.; Thorsett, Stephen E. A Young White Dwarf Companion to Pulsar B1620-26: Evidence for Early Planet Formation. Science. 2003, 301 (5630): 193–196. Bibcode:2003Sci...301..193S. PMID 12855802. arXiv:astro-ph/0307339 . doi:10.1126/science.1086326.
[5]
Backer, D.C. A pulsar timing tutorial and NRAO Green Bank observations of PSR 1257+12. Planets around Pulsars. Pasadena: California Institute of Technology: 11–18. 1993. Bibcode:1993ASPC...36...11B.
[6]
Correia, A. C. M.; Udry, S.; Mayor, M.; Laskar, J.; Naef, D.; Pepe, F.; Queloz, D.; Santos, N. C. The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets. XIII. A pair of planets around HD 202206 or a circumbinary planet?. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2005, 440 (2): 751–758. Bibcode:2005A&A...440..751C. arXiv:astro-ph/0411512 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042376.
[7]
Couetdic, J.; Laskar, J.; Correia, A. C. M.; Mayor, M.; Udry, S. Dynamical stability analysis of the HD 202206 system and constraints to the planetary orbits. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2010, 519 (A10): 14. Bibcode:2010A&A...519A..10C. arXiv:astro-ph/0911.1963  請檢查|arxiv=值 (幫助). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913635.
[8]
Nelson, Richard P. On the evolution of giant protoplanets forming in circumbinary discs. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2003, 345 (1): 233–242. Bibcode:2003MNRAS.345..233N. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06929.x.
[9]
Definition of a "Planet". Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) of the International Astronomical Union. [2009-07-04]. （原始內容存檔於2012-04-10）.
[10]
Lee, Jae Woo; Kim, Seung-Lee; Kim, Chun-Hwey; Koch, Robert H.; Lee, Chung-Uk; Kim, Ho-Il; Park, Jang-Ho. The sdB+M Eclipsing System HW Virginis and its Circumbinary Planets. The Astronomical Journal. 2009, 137 (2): 3181–3190. Bibcode:2009AJ....137.3181L. arXiv:0811.3807 . doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/2/3181.
[11]
Doyle, Laurance, et al. Science, 16 September 2011.
[12]
"Kepler uncovers planet orbiting two stars", Astronomy, January 2012, p. 23.
[13]
Jean Schneider. Notes for star Kepler-16 (AB). Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. 2011 [23 September 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-05）.
[14]
Jean Schneider. Notes for star PSR B1620-26. Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. 2011 [26 September 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2012-03-13）.
[15]
Schwope, A. D.; et al. A multiwavelength timing analysis of the eclipsing polar DP Leo. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2002, 392 (2): 541–551 [2013-11-30]. Bibcode:2002A&A...392..541S. arXiv:astro-ph/0111457 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011651. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-14）.
[16]
Parsons; et al. Orbital Period Variations in Eclipsing Post Common Envelope Binaries. 2010. arXiv:1005.3958 .
[17]
Schneider, J. Notes for star NN Ser. The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. [2010-10-22]. （原始內容存檔於2010-10-15）.
[18]
Schneider, J. Notes for Ross 458(AB). The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. （原始內容存檔於2012-06-09）.
[19]
Laurance R. Doyle; et al. Kepler-16: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet. [2013-11-30]. （原始內容存檔於2012-09-07）.
[20]
S.-B. Qian, L.-Y. Zhu, Z.-B. Dai, E. Fernández Lajús, F.-Y. Xiang, J.-J. He. Kepler-16: Circumbinary Planets Orbiting the Rapidly Pulsating Subdwarf B-type binary NY Vir. [2013-11-30]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-18）.
[21]
QIAN S.-B., LIU L., ZHU L.-Y., DAI Z.-B., FERNANDEZ LAJUS E. & BAUME G. MNRAS, 422, 24. Kepler-16: A Circumbinary Planet in Orbit Around the Short-Period White-Dwarf Eclipsing Binary RR Cae. [2013-11-30]. （原始內容存檔於2013-12-07）.
[22]
Welsh, William F.; et al. Transiting circumbinary planets Kepler-34 b and Kepler-35 b. Nature. 2012 [18 January 2012]. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..475W. arXiv:1204.3955 . doi:10.1038/nature10768.
[23]
OROSZ J., WELSH W., CARTER J., BRUGMYER E., BUCHHAVE L. & 27 additional authors. ApJ, 758, 87. The Neptune-Sized Circumbinary Planet Kepler-38b. 2012. Bibcode:2012ApJ...758...87O. arXiv:1208.3712 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/758/2/87.
[24]
OROSZ J., WELSH W., CARTER J., FABRYCKY D., COCHRAN W. & 35 additional authors. Science, 337, 1511. Kepler-47: A Transiting Circumbinary Multi-Planet System. 2012. Bibcode:2012Sci...337.1511O. arXiv:1208.5489 . doi:10.1126/science.1228380.
[25]
Voice of America, "Citizen Astronomers Discover Planet with Four Suns" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, 16 October 2012
[26]
Kepler-413b: a slightly misaligned, Neptune-size transiting circumbinary planet （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Veselin B. Kostov, Peter R. McCullough, Joshua A. Carter, Magali Deleuil, Rodrigo F. Diaz, Daniel C. Fabrycky, Guillaume Hebrard, Tobias C. Hinse, Tsevi Mazeh, Jerome A. Orosz, Zlatan I. Tsvetanov, William F. Welsh
[27]
macho 1997-blg-41 - SIMBAD

Planets in Binary Star Systems, Nader Haghighipour, Springer, 2010, ISBN 978-90-481-8686-0

NASA Telescope Discovers Its First Planet Orbiting Two Stars （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
How Circumbinary Planets Form （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[1] [1]
Megan L. A. Almeida, F. Jablonski and C. V. Rodrigues. circumbinary planets: Two circumbinary planets in the eclipsing post-common envelope system NSVS 14256825. 2012. arXiv:1210.3055 .

[2] [2]
Megan E. Schwamb, Jerome A. Orosz, Joshua A. Carter, William F. Welsh, Debra A. Fischer, Guillermo Torres, Andrew W. Howard, Justin R. Crepp, William C. Keel, Chris J. Lintott, Nathan A. Kaib, Dirk Terrell, Robert Gagliano, Kian J. Jek, Michael Parrish, Arfon M. Smith, Stuart Lynn, Robert J. Simpson, Matthew J. Giguere, Kevin Schawinski. Planet Hunters: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet in a Quadruple Star System. 2012. arXiv:1210.3612 . doi:10.1086/319061.

[3] [3]
Thorsett, S. E.; Arzoumanian, Z.; Taylor, J. H. PSR B1620-26 - A binary radio pulsar with a planetary companion?. Astrophysical Journal Part 2. Letters. 1993, 412 (1): L33–L36. Bibcode:1993ApJ...412L..33T. doi:10.1086/186933.

[4] [4]
Sigurðsson, Steinn; Richer, Harvey B.; Hansen, Brad M.; Stairs, Ingrid H.; Thorsett, Stephen E. A Young White Dwarf Companion to Pulsar B1620-26: Evidence for Early Planet Formation. Science. 2003, 301 (5630): 193–196. Bibcode:2003Sci...301..193S. PMID 12855802. arXiv:astro-ph/0307339 . doi:10.1126/science.1086326.

[5] [5]
Backer, D.C. A pulsar timing tutorial and NRAO Green Bank observations of PSR 1257+12. Planets around Pulsars. Pasadena: California Institute of Technology: 11–18. 1993. Bibcode:1993ASPC...36...11B.

[Correia-6] [6]
Correia, A. C. M.; Udry, S.; Mayor, M.; Laskar, J.; Naef, D.; Pepe, F.; Queloz, D.; Santos, N. C. The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets. XIII. A pair of planets around HD 202206 or a circumbinary planet?. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2005, 440 (2): 751–758. Bibcode:2005A&A...440..751C. arXiv:astro-ph/0411512 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042376.

[7] [7]
Couetdic, J.; Laskar, J.; Correia, A. C. M.; Mayor, M.; Udry, S. Dynamical stability analysis of the HD 202206 system and constraints to the planetary orbits. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2010, 519 (A10): 14. Bibcode:2010A&A...519A..10C. arXiv:astro-ph/0911.1963  請檢查|arxiv=值 (幫助). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913635.

[8] [8]
Nelson, Richard P. On the evolution of giant protoplanets forming in circumbinary discs. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2003, 345 (1): 233–242. Bibcode:2003MNRAS.345..233N. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06929.x.

[9] [9]
Definition of a "Planet". Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) of the International Astronomical Union. [2009-07-04]. （原始內容存檔於2012-04-10）.

[10] [10]
Lee, Jae Woo; Kim, Seung-Lee; Kim, Chun-Hwey; Koch, Robert H.; Lee, Chung-Uk; Kim, Ho-Il; Park, Jang-Ho. The sdB+M Eclipsing System HW Virginis and its Circumbinary Planets. The Astronomical Journal. 2009, 137 (2): 3181–3190. Bibcode:2009AJ....137.3181L. arXiv:0811.3807 . doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/2/3181.

[11] [11]
Doyle, Laurance, et al. Science, 16 September 2011.

[12] [12]
"Kepler uncovers planet orbiting two stars", Astronomy, January 2012, p. 23.

[EPEstar-13] [13]
Jean Schneider. Notes for star Kepler-16 (AB). Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. 2011 [23 September 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-05）.

[EPEstar2-14] [14]
Jean Schneider. Notes for star PSR B1620-26. Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. 2011 [26 September 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2012-03-13）.

[Schwope2002-15] [15]
Schwope, A. D.; et al. A multiwavelength timing analysis of the eclipsing polar DP Leo. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2002, 392 (2): 541–551 [2013-11-30]. Bibcode:2002A&A...392..541S. arXiv:astro-ph/0111457 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011651. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-14）.

[Parsons2-16] [16]
Parsons; et al. Orbital Period Variations in Eclipsing Post Common Envelope Binaries. 2010. arXiv:1005.3958 .

[Exoplanet-17] [17]
Schneider, J. Notes for star NN Ser. The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. [2010-10-22]. （原始內容存檔於2010-10-15）.

[18] [18]
Schneider, J. Notes for Ross 458(AB). The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. （原始內容存檔於2012-06-09）.

[Kepler-16b-19] [19]
Laurance R. Doyle; et al. Kepler-16: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet. [2013-11-30]. （原始內容存檔於2012-09-07）.

[NY_Virginis-20] [20]
S.-B. Qian, L.-Y. Zhu, Z.-B. Dai, E. Fernández Lajús, F.-Y. Xiang, J.-J. He. Kepler-16: Circumbinary Planets Orbiting the Rapidly Pulsating Subdwarf B-type binary NY Vir. [2013-11-30]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-18）.

[RR_Caelum_b-21] [21]
QIAN S.-B., LIU L., ZHU L.-Y., DAI Z.-B., FERNANDEZ LAJUS E. & BAUME G. MNRAS, 422, 24. Kepler-16: A Circumbinary Planet in Orbit Around the Short-Period White-Dwarf Eclipsing Binary RR Cae. [2013-11-30]. （原始內容存檔於2013-12-07）.

[Welsh-22] [22]
Welsh, William F.; et al. Transiting circumbinary planets Kepler-34 b and Kepler-35 b. Nature. 2012 [18 January 2012]. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..475W. arXiv:1204.3955 . doi:10.1038/nature10768.

[23] [23]
OROSZ J., WELSH W., CARTER J., BRUGMYER E., BUCHHAVE L. & 27 additional authors. ApJ, 758, 87. The Neptune-Sized Circumbinary Planet Kepler-38b. 2012. Bibcode:2012ApJ...758...87O. arXiv:1208.3712 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/758/2/87.

[OROSZ_J.,_WELSH_W.,_CARTER_J.,_FABRYCKY_D.,_COCHRAN_W._&_35_additional_authors_Science,_337,_1511_2012-24] [24]
OROSZ J., WELSH W., CARTER J., FABRYCKY D., COCHRAN W. & 35 additional authors. Science, 337, 1511. Kepler-47: A Transiting Circumbinary Multi-Planet System. 2012. Bibcode:2012Sci...337.1511O. arXiv:1208.5489 . doi:10.1126/science.1228380.

[VOA-25] [25]
Voice of America, "Citizen Astronomers Discover Planet with Four Suns" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, 16 October 2012

[26] [26]
Kepler-413b: a slightly misaligned, Neptune-size transiting circumbinary planet （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Veselin B. Kostov, Peter R. McCullough, Joshua A. Carter, Magali Deleuil, Rodrigo F. Diaz, Daniel C. Fabrycky, Guillaume Hebrard, Tobias C. Hinse, Tsevi Mazeh, Jerome A. Orosz, Zlatan I. Tsvetanov, William F. Welsh

[27] [27]
macho 1997-blg-41 - SIMBAD

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