心智

心智（英語：mind，亦常稱為心靈）指一系列認知能力組成的總體，這些能力可以讓個體具有意識、感知外界、進行思考、做出判斷以及記憶事物。心智是人類的特徵，但是其它的生物可能也具有心智^[3]^[4]。

Thumb — 顱相學中提出的一幅大腦的分區圖^[1]。顱相學是第一個試圖解釋人類思維活動與其大腦佈局對應關係的學科。

很長的時間裏面人們都試圖從哲學、宗教、心理學和認知科學的角度來試圖理解心智究竟是什麼，並嘗試探究心智的獨特性質。圍繞心智的本質所產生的問題主要是它與大腦和神經系統的關係，這個問題也構建了心身二分法的觀念。心身二分法討論了心智是否在某一程度上獨立於人體的肉體（二元論與唯心主義^[5]），而肉體來自於並且可以被認作是包括神經活動在內的物理現象（物理主義），也討論了心智是不是與我們的大腦以及大腦活動保持一致。另一個問題則討論是否只有人類才擁有心智，或者是部分或全部動物以及所有生物也擁有心智，或者甚至人造機器也可能擁有心智。

無論心智與肉體的關係究竟如何，人們普遍都認為心智使個體具有主觀察覺，並且對其周圍環境存在意向性，可以通過一定的媒介感知並回應刺激，同時擁有意識，可以進行思考和感覺^[3]^[6]。

研究心智的著名哲學家包括柏拉圖、笛卡兒、萊布尼茨、康德、馬丁·海德格爾、約翰·羅傑斯·希爾勒和丹尼爾·丹尼特等人。包括西格蒙德·弗洛伊德和威廉·詹姆士在內的心理學家也從心理學的角度建立了有關人類心智本質的一系列有影響力的理論，以便對心智進行描述和定義。在20世紀晚期和21世紀初期的認知科學領域內，科學家已經建立並發展了多種途徑和方法來對心智和與心智有關的現象進行描述。在人工智能領域也開始嘗試結合控制論和信息論來對非人類心智存在的可能性進行探索，並嘗試研究將人類精神現象在機器上實現的方法。

有關於心智的概念，不同的文化和宗教傳統都對其有着不同的理解。有一些認為心智是人類特有的一種特質，而其他則認為動物、神祇以及非生命物體都具有心智（泛心論和泛靈論）。早期的一些記錄將心智（有時也被描述為與靈魂和精神相同的東西）與包括來世、宇宙學和自然規律在內的理論聯繫在一起。這樣的例子包括瑣羅亞斯德、釋迦牟尼、柏拉圖、亞里士多德以及其它古希臘、印度和後來伊斯蘭與中世紀歐洲哲學家所提出的教義。

詞源

古英語中gemynd一詞的本意是記憶的能力，而不是通常所指的思想。因此英語中有如call to mind、come to mind、keep in mind、to have mind of等的用法。同時古英語中還有其它表達「心智（mind）」的詞語，例如hyge一詞的意思為「心智、精神」。

「Memory」一詞的含意與古諾爾斯語中munr一詞意思相似，為「記憶」之意。這個源起源自原始印歐語的*ménos（意為心智），它來自動詞詞根*men-，該詞根意思為「去思考、去記住」，正因如此拉丁語中的mens一詞意思為「心智」，梵語中的मनस्（Manas，意）意思也為「心智」，希臘語中的μένος意思則為「心智、勇氣、憤怒」。

心智一詞可以被概括所有的智力、思想、意志、感覺和記憶，這一概念是在14世紀和15世紀被提出的^[7] 。

心智、大腦同一論

心智、大腦的本體論認為，不管思維還是智力，它們都紮根於大腦，而並不利用、依賴、或與非物質相互作用。儘管如此，大都認為離開大腦的組織來談論思維的組織，也是合理的，而且認知科學家也並不僅僅是神經科學家。這是根據不同層次的分析來論證。一個認知科學家可以在符號層次上斷言說一個推理為正確，而神經科學家則在物理層次上來執行符號層次。

思維

思想脈絡，邏輯。人們在思考問題與答案時，會將過去的經驗拿出來做分析、比對。若沒有加入其他人的經驗和想法，再一次的分析、參考，則到最後所得到的答案，往往和過去是相類似的。

科學研究

神經科學

神經科學研究神經系統——心智的物質基礎。

認知科學

認知科學研究造成信息處理（認知）的心智功能。

心理學

心理學是研究人類行為，心理功能和經驗。

參考文獻

[1]
Oliver Elbs, Neuro-Esthetics: Mapological foundations and applications (Map 2003), (Munich 2005)
[2]
Descartes, R. (1641) Meditations on First Philosophy, in The Philosophical Writings of René Descartes, trans. by J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff and D. Murdoch, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, vol. 2, pp. 1-62.
[3]
Dictionary.com網絡詞典： "mind": "1. (in a human or other conscious being) the element, part, substance, or process that reasons, thinks, feels, wills, perceives, judges, etc.: the processes of the human mind. 2. Psychology. the totality of conscious and unconscious mental processes and activities. 3. intellect or understanding, as distinguished from the faculties of feeling and willing; intelligence."
[4]
Google給出的定義： "mind": "The element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness.." [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
[5]
Redding, Paul, "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), forthcoming. [2] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. See section "2.1 Background: 「Idealism」 as understood in the German tradition".^{[expand reference]}
[6]
Oxford American College Dictionary, "mind": "1. the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought."
[7]
OED;etymonline.com （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
[8]
Eliasmith, Chris; Terrence C. Stewart, Xuan Choo, Trevor Bekolay, Travis DeWolf, Yichuan Tang, Daniel Rasmussen. A Large-Scale Model of the Functioning Brain. Science. 2012-11-30, 338 (6111): 1202–1205 [2013-05-13]. doi:10.1126/science.1225266. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）.
[9]
Parapsychological Association website, Glossary of Key Words Frequently Used in Parapsychology 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2010-08-24., Retrieved February 10, 2007
[10]
Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology edited by J. Gordon Melton Gale Research, ISBN 978-0-8103-5487-6
[11]
Science Framework for California Public Schools. California State Board of Education. 1990.
[12]
Wheeler, J. A. Point of View: Drive the Pseudos Out.... Skeptical Inquirer. 1979, 3: 12–13.
[13]
Kurtz, P. Is Parapsychology a Science?. Skeptical Inquirer. 1978, 3: 14–32.
[14]
Druckman, D. and Swets, J. A. eds. Enhancing Human Performance: Issues, Theories and Techniques. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1988: 22. ISBN 0-309-07465-7.
[15]
Reuters. Telepathy gets academic in Sweden. CNN. 2003-09-05 [2009-03-09]. （原始內容存檔於2009-06-28）. Despite decades of experimental research ... there is still no proof that gifts such as telepathy and the ability to see the future exist, mainstream scientists say.
[16]
Flew, Antony. Grim, Patrick , 編. Philosophy of Science and the Occult. 1982. |contribution=被忽略 (幫助)
[17]
Cordón, Luis A. Popular psychology: an encyclopedia. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. 2005: 182. ISBN 0-313-32457-3. The essential problem is that a large portion of the scientific community, including most research psychologists, regards parapsychology as a pseudoscience, due largely to its failure to move beyond null results in the way science usually does. Ordinarily, when experimental evidence fails repeatedly to support a hypothesis, that hypothesis is abandoned. Within parapsychology, however, more than a century of experimentation has failed even to conclusively demonstrate the mere existence of paranormal phenomenon, yet parapsychologists continue to pursue that elusive goal.
[18]
Bunge, Mario. A skeptic's beliefs and disbeliefs. New Ideas in Psychology. 1991, 9 (2): 131–149. doi:10.1016/0732-118X(91)90017-G.
[19]
Blitz, David. The line of demarcation between science and nonscience: The case of psychoanalysis and parapsychology. New Ideas in Psychology. 1991, 9 (2): 163–170. doi:10.1016/0732-118X(91)90020-M.

外部連結

The Mind is What the Brain Does - National Geographic article.
Theory of Mind （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） for artificial intelligence.
嫉妒，心靈的頑疾（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

參見

[1] [1]
Oliver Elbs, Neuro-Esthetics: Mapological foundations and applications (Map 2003), (Munich 2005)

[Descartes1641-2] [2]
Descartes, R. (1641) Meditations on First Philosophy, in The Philosophical Writings of René Descartes, trans. by J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff and D. Murdoch, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, vol. 2, pp. 1-62.

[dict-3] [3]
Dictionary.com網絡詞典： "mind": "1. (in a human or other conscious being) the element, part, substance, or process that reasons, thinks, feels, wills, perceives, judges, etc.: the processes of the human mind. 2. Psychology. the totality of conscious and unconscious mental processes and activities. 3. intellect or understanding, as distinguished from the faculties of feeling and willing; intelligence."

[4] [4]
Google給出的定義： "mind": "The element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness.." [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[5] [5]
Redding, Paul, "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), forthcoming. [2] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. See section "2.1 Background: 「Idealism」 as understood in the German tradition".^{[expand reference]}

[oxford-6] [6]
Oxford American College Dictionary, "mind": "1. the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought."

[7] [7]
OED;etymonline.com （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[Spaun-8] [8]
Eliasmith, Chris; Terrence C. Stewart, Xuan Choo, Trevor Bekolay, Travis DeWolf, Yichuan Tang, Daniel Rasmussen. A Large-Scale Model of the Functioning Brain. Science. 2012-11-30, 338 (6111): 1202–1205 [2013-05-13]. doi:10.1126/science.1225266. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）.

[9] [9]
Parapsychological Association website, Glossary of Key Words Frequently Used in Parapsychology 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2010-08-24., Retrieved February 10, 2007

[EncyOccult-10] [10]
Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology edited by J. Gordon Melton Gale Research, ISBN 978-0-8103-5487-6

[CaliBoard-11] [11]
Science Framework for California Public Schools. California State Board of Education. 1990.

[12] [12]
Wheeler, J. A. Point of View: Drive the Pseudos Out.... Skeptical Inquirer. 1979, 3: 12–13.

[13] [13]
Kurtz, P. Is Parapsychology a Science?. Skeptical Inquirer. 1978, 3: 14–32.

[NAS-14] [14]
Druckman, D. and Swets, J. A. eds. Enhancing Human Performance: Issues, Theories and Techniques. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1988: 22. ISBN 0-309-07465-7.

[CNNSweden-15] [15]
Reuters. Telepathy gets academic in Sweden. CNN. 2003-09-05 [2009-03-09]. （原始內容存檔於2009-06-28）. Despite decades of experimental research ... there is still no proof that gifts such as telepathy and the ability to see the future exist, mainstream scientists say.

[16] [16]
Flew, Antony. Grim, Patrick , 編. Philosophy of Science and the Occult. 1982. |contribution=被忽略 (幫助)

[Cordón-17] [17]
Cordón, Luis A. Popular psychology: an encyclopedia. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. 2005: 182. ISBN 0-313-32457-3. The essential problem is that a large portion of the scientific community, including most research psychologists, regards parapsychology as a pseudoscience, due largely to its failure to move beyond null results in the way science usually does. Ordinarily, when experimental evidence fails repeatedly to support a hypothesis, that hypothesis is abandoned. Within parapsychology, however, more than a century of experimentation has failed even to conclusively demonstrate the mere existence of paranormal phenomenon, yet parapsychologists continue to pursue that elusive goal.

[18] [18]
Bunge, Mario. A skeptic's beliefs and disbeliefs. New Ideas in Psychology. 1991, 9 (2): 131–149. doi:10.1016/0732-118X(91)90017-G.

[19] [19]
Blitz, David. The line of demarcation between science and nonscience: The case of psychoanalysis and parapsychology. New Ideas in Psychology. 1991, 9 (2): 163–170. doi:10.1016/0732-118X(91)90020-M.

[3]

[4]

[1]

[2]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

詞源

心智、大腦同一論

思維

科學研究

神經科學

認知科學

心理學

相關學說

超心理學

參考文獻

外部連結

參見

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心智