奧林匹亞宙斯神廟

奧林匹亞宙斯神廟（希臘語：Ναός του Δία στην Ολυμπία）是一座位於希臘奧林匹亞的古代希臘神廟，建造於公元前472年至456年間，目的是祭祀天神宙斯。426年被毀，現今僅存遺址。它是古典希臘神廟中多立克柱式的典型。^[1]

其叫「Altis」的聖林（sacred grove）圍牆，露天祭壇和珀羅普斯之墓最早形成於公元前10至9世紀的^[2]希臘黑暗時代，當時宙斯祭儀已經和赫拉祭儀合一了。^[3]

神廟的建造者是古希臘建築師里本。^[4]，刻有排檔間飾和三豎線花紋裝飾，頂部有三角楣飾。

神廟的主要結構是用石灰岩建造的，外表塗以灰泥。神廟內的雕刻品使用帕羅斯島大理石，屋瓦採用和雅典衛城的帕德嫩神廟同的彭忒利科大理石。

宙斯神像坐落於奧林匹亞宙斯神廟中，這座神像是古希臘雕刻家菲迪亞斯的作品，大約建造於公元前457年。神像有以黃金製成的橄欖冠，坐在用杉木製成的宏偉的寶座上，並飾以黃金、象牙、烏木以及各種珍貴的寶石。左手持神杖，右手持勝利女神。

東部三角楣飾描述的是珀羅普斯和俄諾瑪俄斯的二輪戰車競賽場景，^[5]^[6]宙斯站在他們中間，周圍是一些英雄。其中人物共15個，有些人物的身份仍然未明確。

西部三角楣飾描述的是佩里圖斯婚宴上半人馬與拉庇泰人的戰鬥。阿波羅^[7] 站立於中央，周圍是佩里圖斯和忒修斯。^[8]拉庇泰人的王佩里圖斯邀請半人馬赴宴，半人馬們喝醉之後開始搶劫女子而被前者擊敗。其阿波羅神像現存於奧林匹亞考古博物館。^[9]

在門廊和後殿等一些地方雕刻着赫拉克勒斯十二偉業。^[10]

426年，狄奧多西二世下令摧毀這座神廟，其遺址在522年和551年的地震中遭到進一步破壞。^[11]

1766年，該神廟被重新發現。1829年一群法國考古學家對遺址進行了一部份挖掘，並將一些飾物帶回了羅浮宮。1875年開始系統的發掘，組織者是德國考古研究所。^[12]

在1997年迪士尼電影《大力士》中，宙斯神廟被描述為半神的赫拉克勒斯和其父宙斯唯一的交流場地。在電視劇集《大力士》中，宙斯通過使用神廟中的宙斯神像來解決一些地球上的問題。

[1]
Temple of Zeus （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） at Archaeopaedia, Stanford University
[2]
(Hellenic Ministry of Culture: The sanctuary site at Olympia, including the Temple of Zeus. [2013-01-31]. （原始內容存檔於2010-03-09）.
[3]
Preceding the Temple of Zeus in the temenos at Olympia were the archaic structures: "the temple of Hera, the Prytaneion, the Bouleuterion, the treasuries and the first stadium." （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
[4]
Pausanias, v. 10.3.
[5]
Marie-Louise Säflund, The East Pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia: A Reconstruction and Interpretation of Its Composition, Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, 27 (Götheborg) 1970, summarised fifty-eight previous reconstructions; her reconstruction has been widely but not universally accepted.
[6]
King Oinomaos would only let his daughter wed if a suitor could beat him in a chariot race. Pelops, the man who fell in love with Hippodameia altered the Kings chariot by replacing the axle linchpins with beeswax and consequently the king died and he married the Kings daughter. Oenomaus' violation of dike was symbolised by the thirteen heads of unsuccessful suitors, hung on columns in his palace.After the successful race, Zeus with a thunderbolt destroyed the palace.One wooden column left standing was shown to Pausanias with this commentary.
[7]
A.F. Stewart and N.D Tersini, "The gesture of Apollo in the west pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia", American Journal of Archaeology 86 (1982:287f).
[8]
Pediments of the temple of Zeus, 470 - 456 BC （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） at www.sikyon.com
[9]
Bank of Greece （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Drachma Banknotes & Coins: 1000 drachmas （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. – Retrieved on 27 March 2009.
[10]
Hurwit 1987:6.
[11]
Hellenic Ministry of Culture （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
[12]
Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Olympia. [2013-01-31]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）.

宙斯神廟的佈局與雕刻（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）（英文）
海德堡大學圖書館資料

37°38′16″N 21°37′48″E

[b-1] [1]
Temple of Zeus （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） at Archaeopaedia, Stanford University

[2] [2]
(Hellenic Ministry of Culture: The sanctuary site at Olympia, including the Temple of Zeus. [2013-01-31]. （原始內容存檔於2010-03-09）.

[3] [3]
Preceding the Temple of Zeus in the temenos at Olympia were the archaic structures: "the temple of Hera, the Prytaneion, the Bouleuterion, the treasuries and the first stadium." （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[4] [4]
Pausanias, v. 10.3.

[5] [5]
Marie-Louise Säflund, The East Pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia: A Reconstruction and Interpretation of Its Composition, Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, 27 (Götheborg) 1970, summarised fifty-eight previous reconstructions; her reconstruction has been widely but not universally accepted.

[6] [6]
King Oinomaos would only let his daughter wed if a suitor could beat him in a chariot race. Pelops, the man who fell in love with Hippodameia altered the Kings chariot by replacing the axle linchpins with beeswax and consequently the king died and he married the Kings daughter. Oenomaus' violation of dike was symbolised by the thirteen heads of unsuccessful suitors, hung on columns in his palace.After the successful race, Zeus with a thunderbolt destroyed the palace.One wooden column left standing was shown to Pausanias with this commentary.

[7] [7]
A.F. Stewart and N.D Tersini, "The gesture of Apollo in the west pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia", American Journal of Archaeology 86 (1982:287f).

[a-8] [8]
Pediments of the temple of Zeus, 470 - 456 BC （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） at www.sikyon.com

[9] [9]
Bank of Greece （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Drachma Banknotes & Coins: 1000 drachmas （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. – Retrieved on 27 March 2009.

[10] [10]
Hurwit 1987:6.

[11] [11]
Hellenic Ministry of Culture （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.

[12] [12]
Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Olympia. [2013-01-31]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）.

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奧林匹亞宙斯神廟

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構造

宙斯神像

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結局

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