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来自维基百科,自由的百科全书
美國最廣泛的語言是英語,但美國聯邦政府並沒有設有官方語言。歷史上存在過很多語言。其他有美國本土的語言,也有來自歐洲、亞洲等地區的語言。目前美國所使用的語言約有430種,其中有176種土著語言。其餘絕大多數是由殖民者帶來,還有個別語言是在美國誕生的,如克里奧爾語、美國手語。
此條目可參照英語維基百科相應條目來擴充。 (2023年1月16日) |
據2016年美國社區調查,美國人口調查局核准,在美國本土超過10萬人使用的語言有:[3][4][5][6][7]
一些州已經通過立法,給英語賦予正式地位。 截至2014年10月[update]美國的50個州中,有31個州已將英語作為官方語言,夏威夷將英語和夏威夷語作為正式的語言。
語言名 | 當地語言[8] | 語族 | 使用人數 (佔總數百分比) |
能用英語交流的人數比[9] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | — | — | 373 949 | 19.22% |
Total (excl. Navajo) | — | — | 203 127 (54.32) | 15.82% |
Navajo | Diné bizaad | Na-Dené | 170 822 (45.68) | 23.25% |
Dakota | Dakȟótiyapi | Siouan | 18 804 (5.03) | 9.86% |
Yupik | — | Eskimo-Aleut | 18 626 (4.98) | 37.02% |
Apache | Ndee biyati' | Na-Dené | 14 012 (3.75) | 3.53% |
Keres | — | Isolate | 13 073 (3.50) | 6.20% |
Cherokee | Tsalagi (ᏣᎳᎩ) | Iroquoian | 12 320 (3.29) | 16.33% |
Choctaw | Chahta' | Muskogean | 10 368 (2.77) | 23.44% |
Zuni | Shiwi'ma | Isolate | 9 432 (2.52) | 14.22% |
American Indian (Other) | — | — | 8 888 (2.38) | 16.73% |
O'odham (Pima) | Oʼodham ñiʼokĭ | Uto-Aztecan | 8 190 (2.19) | 14.70% |
Ojibwe (Chippewa) | Anishinaabemowin | Algic | 6 986 (1.87) | 11.28% |
Hopi | Hopilàvayi | Uto-Aztecan | 6 776 (1.81) | 18.80% |
Inupiat (Inupik) | Iñupiatun | Eskimo-Aleut | 5 580 (1.49) | 26.04% |
Tewa | — | Tanoan | 5 123 (1.37) | 13.80% |
Muskogee (Creek) | Mvskoke | Muskogean | 5 072 (1.36) | 19.62% |
Crow | Apsáalooke | Siouan | 3 962 (1.06) | 6.59% |
Shoshoni | Sosoni' da̲i̲gwape | Uto-Aztecan | 2 512 (0.67) | 7.25% |
Cheyenne | Tsėhésenėstsestȯtse | Algic | 2 399 (0.64) | 3.21% |
Tiwa | — | Tanoan | 2 269 (0.61) | 3.22% |
Towa (Jemez) | — | Tanoan | 2 192 (0.59) | 27.65% |
Inuit (Eskimo) | — | Eskimo-Aleut | 2 168 (0.58) | 25.46% |
Blackfoot | Siksiká (ᓱᖽᐧᖿ) | Algic | 1 970 (0.53) | 11.02% |
Sahaptin | Ichishkíin sɨ́nwit | Plateau Penutian | 1 654 (0.44) | 6.17% |
Paiute | — | Uto-Aztecan | 1 638 (0.44) | 11.78% |
Athapascan | — | Na-Dené | 1 627 (0.44) | 19.55% |
Ute | Núu-'apaghapi | Uto-Aztecan | 1 625 (0.43) | 5.23% |
Mohawk | Kanien』kéha' | Iroquoian | 1 423 (0.38) | 11.67% |
Seneca | Onödowága | Iroquoian | 1 353 (0.36) | 11.23% |
Winnebago | Hocąk | Siouan | 1 340 (0.36) | 6.27% |
Kiowa | Cáuijògà | Tanoan | 1 274 (0.34) | 9.58% |
Aleut | Unangam tunuu | Eskimo-Aleut | 1 236 (0.33) | 19.01% |
Salish | — | Salishan | 1 233 (0.33) | 22.87% |
Gwich』in (Kuchin) | Gwich』in | Na-Dené | 1 217 (0.33) | 25.82% |
Kickapoo | Kiwikapawa | Algic | 1 141 (0.31) | 41.72% |
Arapaho | Hinónoʼeitíít | Algic | 1 087 (0.29) | 1.20% |
Tlingit | Lingít | Na-Dené | 1 026 (0.27) | 8.19% |
Siberian Yupik (SLI Yupik) | Sivuqaghmiistun | Eskimo-Aleut | 993 (0.27) | 39.48% |
Passamaquoddy | Peskotomuhkat | Algic | 982 (0.26) | 6.11% |
Comanche | Nʉmʉ tekwapʉ | Uto-Aztecan | 963 (0.26) | 10.59% |
Cree | Nēhiyawēwin | Algic | 951 (0.25) | 8.73% |
Menominee | Omāēqnomenew | Algic | 946 (0.25) | 39.64% |
Nez Perce | Niimiipuutímt | Plateau Penutian | 942 (0.25) | 12.10% |
Potawatomi | Bodéwadmi | Algic | 824 (0.22) | 9.95% |
Hidatsa | Hidatsa | Siouan | 806 (0.22) | 4.47% |
Mesquakie (Fox) | Meshkwahkihaki | Algic | 727 (0.19) | 22.15% |
Karok | Káruk | Isolate | 700 (0.19) | 5.43% |
Pomo | — | Pomoan | 648 (0.17) | 14.81% |
Chinook Jargon | Chinuk wawa | Creole | 644 (0.17) | 17.70% |
Oneida | Oneyota'aaka | Iroquoian | 527 (0.14) | 58.63% |
Yurok | Puliklah | Algic | 491 (0.13) | 1.63% |
Cocopah | Kwikapa | Yuman | 483 (0.13) | 22.77% |
Hualapai | Hwalbáy | Yuman | 458 (0.12) | 4.80% |
Omaha | Umoⁿhoⁿ | Siouan | 457 (0.12) | 1.97% |
Chiricahua | Ndee bizaa | Na-Dené | 457 (0.12) | — |
Jicarilla | Abáachi mizaa | Na-Dené | 455 (0.12) | 14.51% |
Yaqui | Yoem noki | Uto-Aztecan | 425 (0.11) | 10.12% |
Yokuts | — | Yokutsan | 407 (0.11) | 27.27% |
Mono | Mono | Uto-Aztecan | 349 (0.09) | — |
Mohave | Hamakhav | Yuman | 330 (0.09) | 6.36% |
Luiseño | Cham'teela | Uto-Aztecan | 327 (0.09) | 4.28% |
Shawnee | Sawanwa | Algic | 321 (0.09) | 6.23% |
Maidu (NE Maidu) | Májdy | Maiduan | 319 (0.09) | 6.90% |
Ottawa | Nishnaabemwin | Algic | 312 (0.08) | 10.90% |
Algonquin | Anicinâbemowin | Algic | 288 (0.08) | 19.79% |
Okanogan | Nsəlxcin | Salishan | 284 (0.08) | 10.92% |
Osage | Wazhazhe ie | Siouan | 260 (0.07) | 20.38% |
Wichita | Kirikirʔi:s | Caddoan | 242 (0.06) | 16.12% |
Onondaga | Onǫda』gegá | Iroquoian | 239 (0.06) | 2.93% |
Mi'kmaq (Micmac) | Míkmawísimk | Algic | 230 (0.06) | 10.87% |
Digueño (Ipai-Kumiai-Tipai) | — | Yuman | 228 (0.06) | 60.96% |
Washo | Wá:šiw ʔítlu | Isolate | 227 (0.06) | 9.69% |
Miwok | Miwok | Utian | 216 (0.06) | — |
Lushootseed (Puget Salish) | Xʷəlšucid | Salishan | 207 (0.06) | 47.83% |
Kutenai | Ktunaxa | Isolate | 200 (0.05) | 32.50% |
Miccosukee | Mikisúkî | Muskogean | 188 (0.05) | 22.87% |
Tuscarora | Ska:rù:rę' | Iroquoian | 179 (0.05) | 10.06% |
Makah | Qʷi·qʷi·diččaq | Wakashan | 176 (0.05) | 30.11% |
Coeur d'Alene | Snchitsuʼumshtsn | Salishan | 174 (0.05) | — |
Hupa | Na:tinixwe | Na-Dené | 174 (0.05) | — |
Quechan (Yuma) | Kwtsaan | Yuman | 172 (0.05) | 31.98% |
Miami | Myaamia | Algic | 168 (0.04) | 50.60% |
Alabama | Albaamo innaaɬiilka | Muskogean | 165 (0.04) | 20.00% |
Delaware | Lënape / Lunaapeew | Algic | 146 (0.04) | 25.34% |
Clallam | Nəxʷsƛ̕ay̕əmúcən | Salishan | 146 (0.04) | 1.37% |
Penobscot (E Abenaki) | Panawahpskek | Algic | 144 (0.04) | 5.56% |
Yavapai | — | Yuman | 139 (0.04) | — |
Cahuilla | Ivia | Uto-Aztecan | 139 (0.04) | — |
Ponca | Paⁿka | Siouan | 131 (0.04) | 6.87% |
Quinault | Kʷínaył | Salishan | 128 (0.03) | — |
Deg Xinag (Ingalit) | Degexit』an | Na-Dené | 127 (0.03) | — |
Pawnee | Paári | Caddoan | 122 (0.03) | 16.39% |
Haida | X̱aat Kíl | Isolate | 118 (0.03) | 19.49% |
Cowlitz | Stl'pulimuhkl | Salishan | 110 (0.03) | 82.73% |
Mandan | Nų́ʔetaːre | Siouan | 104 (0.03) | 38.46% |
Arikara | Sáhniš | Caddoan | 103 (0.03) | — |
Klamath | Maqlaqs | Plateau Penutian | 95 (0.03) | 27.37% |
Havasupai | Havasu’baaja | Yuman | 90 (0.02) | 52.22% |
Chitimacha | Sitimaxa | Isolate | 89 (0.02) | 21.35% |
Abenaki (W Abenaki) | Wôbanakiôdwawôgan | Algic | 86 (0.02) | — |
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl) | Kwak'wala | Wakashan | 85 (0.02) | 24.71% |
Tututni (Rogue River) | Dotodəni | Na-Dené | 84 (0.02) | — |
Iroquois | — | Iroquoian | 76 (0.02) | — |
Michif (French Cree) | Michif | Creole | 75 (0.02) | 70.67% |
Tsimshian | Sm'algyax | Tsimshianic | 68 (0.02) | — |
Achumawi | — | Palaihnihan | 68 (0.02) | — |
Chiwere | Jíwere | Siouan | 60 (0.02) | — |
Koasati | Kowassá:ti | Muskogean | 59 (0.02) | 6.78% |
Koyukon | Denaakkʼe | Na-Dené | 58 (0.02) | 12.07% |
Upper Chinook | Kiksht | Chinookan | 58 (0.02) | 10.34% |
Caddo | Hasí:nay | Caddoan | 51 (0.01) | 23.53% |
Kalapuya (Santiam) | — | Kalapuyan | 50 (0.01) | — |
Gros Ventre (Atsina) | Ahahnelin | Algic | 45 (0.01) | — |
Tachi | — | Yokutsan | 45 (0.01) | 57.78% |
Maricopa | Piipaash chuukwer | Yuman | 44 (0.01) | 22.73% |
Chumash | S.hamala | Chumashan | 39 (0.01) | 100.00% |
Nomlaki | Nomlāqa | Wintuan | 38 (0.01) | — |
Konkow (NW Maidu) | Koyoom k'awi | Maiduan | 32 | 100.00% |
Tonkawa | Tickanwa•tic | Isolate | 29 | — |
Wintu | Wintʰu:h | Wintuan | 24 | — |
Spokane | Npoqínišcn | Salishan | 20 | 40.00% |
Ahtna | Atnakenaege’ | Na-Dené | 18 | — |
Columbia (Sinkiuse) | Nxaảmxcín | Salishan | 17 | — |
Atsugewi | Atsugé | Palaihnihan | 15 | — |
Chemehuevi | Nüwüvi | Uto-Aztecan | 15 | — |
Northern Paiute | Numu | Uto-Aztecan | 12 | — |
Dena'ina (Tanaina) | Dena』ina qenaga | Na-Dené | 11 | — |
Cupeño | Kupangaxwicham | Uto-Aztecan | 11 | — |
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) | Nuučaan̓uł | Wakashan | 10 | — |
Alutiiq (Gulf Yupik) | Sugpiaq | Eskimo-Aleut | 8 | — |
Kansa | Káⁿza | Siouan | 7 | — |
Siuslaw | Šáayušła | Isolate | 6 | — |
Cayuga | Gayogo̱hó:nǫ』 | Iroquoian | 6 | — |
Serrano | Taaqtam | Uto-Aztecan | 5 | — |
Yuchi | Tsoyaha | Isolate | 4 | — |
夏威夷語是夏威夷憲法中規定的夏威夷官方語言。夏威夷語有1,000名母語使用者。夏威夷語以前被認為是極度瀕危的語言,現在正顯示出語言復興的跡象。最近的趨勢是基於夏威夷州教育部和夏威夷大學的新的夏威夷語沉浸計劃,以及夏威夷州議會和縣政府為保護夏威夷地名所做的努力。1993年,約有8,000人能夠說並理解夏威夷語;如今估計有27,000人。夏威夷語與大約15萬新西蘭人和庫克島人使用的毛利語以及大溪地12萬人使用的大溪地語有關。
薩摩亞語是美屬薩摩亞的一種官方領土語言。占人口的90%,大多數人都會英薩雙語。
查莫羅語是關島和北馬里亞納群島的共同官方語言。在關島,土著查莫羅人約佔人口的60%。
加羅林語也是北馬里亞納群島的官方語言之一,那裏只有14%的人在家裏講英語。
最先在美國使用的歐洲語言有英語、德語、荷蘭語、法語和西班牙語。受加拿大魁北克影響,原本法語是早年移民的第二語言,後被西班牙語取代。
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