基本結構理論是申克理論中最飽受批評的部分——把所有調性音樂都簡化為差不多千篇一律的背景結構,這是讓人難以接受的。然而這是一個誤解:申克分析並非要說明所有作品都能簡化為同樣的背景,而是要闡釋每部作品是如何獨一無二地展開背景,而實現其本體和「含義」的。這也是申克的座右銘:「Semper idem, sed non eodem modo.」(永遠相同,但以不同的方式相同。)[19]
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申克本人在1927年與學生Felix-Eberhard von Cube的通信中提到,他的觀點影響範圍在「不斷擴大:有愛丁堡的John Petrie Dunn(包括紐約的George Wedge)、萊比錫的Reinhard Oppel、斯圖加特的Herman Roth、維也納的他本人和Hans Weisse、慕尼黑的Otto Vrieslander、⋯⋯杜伊斯堡的你(馮·庫布),以及圖林根維克斯多夫的August Halm」。[54]馮·庫布與申克的另一個學生Moritz Violin於1931年在漢堡建立了申克學會。[55]基於申克的學說,Osward Jonas於1932年出版了《音樂作品的本質》(Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerkes),Felix Salzer於1935年出版了《西方復調音樂的含義與本質》(Sinn und Wesen des Abendländischen Mehrstimmigkeits)。二人還共同創辦並編輯了短命的申克理論期刊《三角》(Der Dreiklang)(維也納,1937-1938年)。[56]
由於二戰的原因,歐洲的研究陷入暫停。申克的著作被納粹封禁,有些被蓋世太保收繳。而美國才是申克分析首次得以重大發展的地方。
在美國早期的接受情況
George Wedge早在1925年於紐約的音樂藝術學院教授了一些申克的思想。[57]曾在維也納師從Hans Weisse的Victor Vaughn Lytle寫做了可能是最早討論申克學說的英語文章《當前的作曲》(《美國管風琴家雜誌》1931年),但沒有明確歸功於申克。[58]最早從1912年起就跟隨申克學習過的Weisse本人,在1931年移民美國,並在紐約曼尼斯音樂學院教授申克分析。他的一個學生Adele T. Katz在1935年為《亨利希·申克的分析方法》一書供稿[59],又在1945年為另一本重要的書《挑戰音樂傳統》供稿:她的分析對象不僅限於申克喜愛的J. S. 巴赫、C. P. E. 巴赫、海頓和貝多芬,還包括瓦格納、德彪西、斯特拉文斯基和勛伯格。這無疑可以代表拓寬申克分析的語料庫的最早嘗試。[60]
1976 Transl. by H. Siegel, Music Forum 4, pp. 1–139.
1979 Japanese translation by A. Noro and A. Tamemoto.
1906 Harmonielehre.
1954 Harmony, transl. by Elisabeth Mann Borgese, edited and annotated by Oswald Jonas ISBN 9780226737348.
1990 Spanish transl. by R. Barce.
1910 Kontrapunkt I.
1987 Counterpoint I, transl. by J. Rothgeb et J. Thym.
1912 Beethovens neunte Sinfonie, 1912
1992 Beethoven's Ninth Symphony: a Portrayal of its Musical Content, with Running Commentary on Performance and Literature as well, transl. by J. Rothgeb, 1992.
2010 Japanese transl. by H. Nishida and T. Numaguchi.
1913 Beethoven, Sonate E dur op. 109 (Erläuterungsausgabe).
2012 Japanese transl. by M. Yamada, H. Nishida and T. Numaguchi.
1914 Beethoven, Sonate As dur op. 110 (Erläuterungsausgabe).
2013 Japanese transl. by M. Yamada, H. Nishida and T. Numaguchi.
1921–1924 Der Tonwille (10 vols.)
2004–2005 Der Tonwille, transl. under the direction of William Drabkin.
1922 Kontrapunkt II.
1987 Counterpoint II, transl. by J. Rothgeb et J. Thym.
1922 "Haydn: Sonate Es-Dur", Der Tonwille III, pp. 3–21.
1988 Transl. by W. Petty, Theoria 3, pp. 105–160.
1923 "J. S. Bach: Zwölf kleine Präludien Nr. 2 [BWV 939]", Der Tonwille IV, 1923, p. 7.
1925 Beethovens V. Sinfonie. Darstellung des musikalischen Inhaltes nach der Handschrift unter fortlaufender Berücksichtigung des Vortrages und der Literatur, Vienne, Tonwille Verlag et Universal Edition. Reprint 1970.
1971 Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony N. 5 in C minor, partial transl. by E. Forbes and F. J. Adams jr., New York, Norton, 1971 (Norton Critical Score 9), pp. 164–182.
2000 Japanese transl. by T. Noguchi.
1925–1930 Das Meisterwerk in der Musik, 3 vols.
1998 transl. under the direction of William Drabkin.
1925 "Die Kunst der Improvisation", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik I, pp. 9–40.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1925 "Weg mit dem Phrasierungsbogen", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik I, pp. 41–60.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1925 "Joh. S. Bach: Sechs Sonaten für Violine. Sonata III, Largo", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik I, pp. 61–73.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1976 Transl. by J. Rothgeb, The Music Forum 4, p. 141-159.
1925 "Joh. S. Bach: Zwölf kleine Präludien, Nr. 6 [BWV 940]", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik I, pp. 99–105.
1925 "Domenico Scarlatti: Keyboard Sonata in D minor, [L.413]", Das Meisterwerk in der Music I, pp. 125–135.
1986 Transl. by J. Bent, Music Analysis 5/2-3, pp. 153–164.
1925 "Domenico Scarlatti: Keyboard Sonata in G major, [L.486]", Das Meisterwerk in der Music I, pp. 137–144.
1986 Transl. by J. Bent, Music Analysis 5/2-3, pp. 171–179.
1925 "Chopin: Etude Ges-Dur op. 10, Nr. 5", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik I, p. 161-173.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1925 "Erläuterungen", Das Meisterwerk in der Music I, pp. 201–205. (Also published in Der Tonwille 9 and 10 and in Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II.)
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1986 Transl. by J. Bent, Music Analysis 5/2-3, pp. 187–191.
1926 "Fortsetzung der Urlinie-Betrachtungen", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, pp. 9–42.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1926 "Vom Organischen der Sonatenform", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, pp. 43–54.
1968 Transl. by O. Grossman, Journal of Music Theory 12, pp. 164–183, reproduced in Readings in Schenker Analysis and Other Approaches, M. Yeston ed., New Haven, 1977, pp. 38–53.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1926 "Das Organische der Fuge, aufgezeigt an der I. C-Moll-Fuge aus dem Wohltemperierten Klavier von Joh. Seb. Bach", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, p. 55-95
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1926 "Joh. Seb. Bach: Suite III C-Dur für Violoncello-Solo, Sarabande", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, 1926, pp. 97–104.
1970 Transl. by H. Siegel, The Music Forum 2, pp. 274–282.
"Mozart: Sinfonie G-Moll", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, pp. 105–157.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
"Haydn: Die Schöpfung. Die Vorstellung des Chaos", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, pp. 159–170.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
"Ein Gegenbeispiel: Max Reger, op. 81. Variationen unf Fuge über ein Thema von Joh. Seb. Bach für Klavier", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, pp. 171–192.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1930 "Rameau oder Beethoven? Erstarrung oder geistiges Leben in der Musik?", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik III, pp. 9–24.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1932 Fünf Urlinie-Tafeln.
1933 Five Analyses in Sketch Form, New York, D. Mannes Music School.
1969 New version with a glossary by F. Salzer: Five Graphic Music Analyses, New York, Dover.
1935/1956 Der freie Satz. Translations of the 2d edition, 1956.
1979 Free Composition, transl. by E. Oster, 1979.
1993 L'Écriture libre, French transl. by N. Meeùs, Liège-Bruxelles, Mardaga.
1997 Chinese translation by Chen Shi-Ben, Beijing, People's Music Publications.
2004 Russian transl. by B. Plotnikov, Krasnoyarsk Academy of Music and Theatre.
教科書
Oswald Jonas, Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerks, Wien, Universal, 1934; revised edition, Einführung in die Lehre Heinrich Schenkers. Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerkes, Wien, Universal, 1972. English translation of the revised edition, Introduction to the Theory of Heinrich Schenker: The Nature of the Musical Work of Art, transl. J. Rothgeb, New York and London, Longman, 1982.
Felix Salzer, Structural Hearing: Tonal Coherence in Music, New York, Charles Boni, 1952.
Allen Forte and Steven E. Gilbert, Introduction to Schenkerian Analysis, 1982.
Allen Cadwallader and David Gagné, Analysis of Tonal Music. A Schenkerian Approach, New York, Oxford University Press, 3d edition, 2011 (1st edition, 1998).
Edward Aldwell and Carl Schachter, Harmony and Voice Leading, Boston, Schirmer, Cengage Learning, 4th edition (with Allen Cadwallader), 2011 (1st edition, 2003).
Tom Pankhurst, Schenkerguide. A Brief Handbook and Website for Schenkerian Analysis, New York and London, Routledge, 2008 Schenkerguide website (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館).
Luciane Beduschi and Nicolas Meeùs, Analyse schenkérienne (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) (in French), 2013; several earlier versions archived on the same page. Albanian translation by Sokol Shupo, available on the same webpage.
Schenker described the concept in a paper titled Erläuterungen (「Elucidations」), which he published four times between 1924 and 1926: Der Tonwille vol. 8–9, pp. 49–51, vol. 10, pp. 40–2; Das Meisterwerk in der Musik, vol. 1, pp. 201–05; 2, p. 193-97. English translation, Der Tonwille, vol. 2, p. 117-18 (the translation, although made from vols. 8–9 of the German original, gives as original pagination that of Das Meisterwerk 1; the text is the same). The concept of tonal space is still present in Free Composition, especially § 13, but less clearly than in the earlier presentation.
Matthew Brown, Explaining Tonality. Schenkerian Theory and Beyond, Rochester, University of Rochester Press, 2005, p. 69, reproduces a chart showing that the "tonality of a given foreground can be generated from the diatony of the given background through various levels of the middleground".
Heinrich Schenker, Counterpoint, vol. I, p. 12: "In the present day, when it is necessary to distinguish clearly between composition and that preliminary school represented by strict counterpoint, we must use the eternally valid of those rules for strict counterpoint, even if we no longer view them as applicable to composition".
Counterpoint, vol. I, p. 74. J. Rothgeb and J. Thym, the translators, quote Cherubini from the original French, which merely says that "conjunct motion better suits strict counterpoint than disjunct motion", but Schenker had written: der fliessende Gesang ist im strengen Stile immer besser as der sprungweise (Kontrapunkt, vol. I, p. 104) ("the fluent melody is always better in strict style than the disjunct one"). Fliessender Gesang not only appears in several 19th-century German translations of Cherubini, but may be common in German counterpoint theory from the 18th century and might go back to Fux』 description of the flexibili motuum facilitate, the "flexible ease of motions" (Gradus, Liber secundus, Exercitii I, Lectio quinta) or even earlier.
The canonical Ursatz is discussed in Free Composition, §§ 1–44, but it was first described in Das Meisterwerk in der Musik, vol. III (1930), p. 20-21 (English translation, p. 7-8). The word Ursatz already appeared in Schenker’s writings in 1923 (Der Tonwille 5, p. 45; English translation, vol. I, p. 212).
William Rothstein, "Articles on Schenker and Schenkerian Theory in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition", Journal of Music Theory 45/1 (2001), p. 218-219.
David Beach, "Schenker's Theories: A Pedagogical View", Aspects of Schenkerian Theory, D. Beach ed., New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1983, p. 27.
H. Schenker, Fünf Urlinie-Tafeln (Five Analyses in Sketchform), New York, Mannes Music School, 1933; Five Graphic Analyses, New York, Dover, 1969. The Foreword is dated 30 August 1932.
William Rothstein, "Rhythmic Displacement and Rhythmic Normalization", Trends in Schenkerian Research, A. Cadwallader ed., New York, Schirmer, 1990, pp. 87–113. Rothstein's idea is that ornamentations such as retardations or syncopations result from displacements with respect to a "normal" rhythm; other diminutions (e.g. neighbor notes) also displace the tones that they ornate and usually shorten them. Removing these displacements and restoring the shortened note values operates a "rhythmic normalization" that "reflects an unconscious process used by every experienced listener" (p. 109).
Kofi Agawu, "Schenkerian Notation in Theory and Practice", op. cit., p. 287, quotes Czerny's representation of the "ground-harmony" of Chopin's Study op. 10 n. 1 (in his School of Practical Composition, 1848), reproduced here in a somewhat simplified version.
Free Composition, p.74-5, §205–7. Schenker’s German term is scheinbare Züge, literally "apparent linear progressions"; Oster’s translation as "illusory" may overstate the point.
The matter of the elaboration of seventh chords remains ambiguous in Schenkerian theory. See Yosef Goldenberg, Prolongation of Seventh Chords in Tonal Music, Lewinston, The Edwin Mellen Press, 2008.
For a detailed study of "unfolding", see Rodney Garrison, Schenker’s Ausfaltung Unfolded: Notation, Terminology, and Practice, PhD Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2012.
See David Gagné, "The Compositional Use of Register in Three Piano Sonatas by Mozart", Trends in Schenkerian Research, A. Cadwallader ed., New York, Schirmer, 1990, pp.23–39.
The cases described in the following paragraphs are discussed in Heinrich Schenker, "Further Consideration of the Urlinie: II", translated by John Rothgeb, The Masterwork in Music, vol. II, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 1–22.
Letter of June 1, 1927 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). See David Carson Berry, "Schenker’s First 'Americanization': George Wedge, The Institute of Musical Art, and the 'Appreciation Racket'", Gamut 4/1 (2011), Essays in Honor of Allen Forte III, particularly p. 157 and note 43.
Benjamin Ayotte, "The Reception of Heinrich Schenker’s Concepts Outside the United States as Indicated by Publications Based on His Works: A Preliminary Study", Acta musicologica (CZ), 2004 (online).
David Carson Berry, "Victor Vaughn Lytle and the Early Proselytism of Schenkerian Ideas in the U.S.", Journal of Schenkerian Studies 1 (2005), pp. 98–99. Theory and Practice 10/1-2 (1985) published for the 50th anniversary of Schenker's death other early American texts, including an unsigned obituary in The New York Times (February 3, 1935); Arthur Plettner, "Heinrich Schenker's Contribution to Theory" (Musical America VI/3, February 10, 1936); Israel Citkowitz, "The Role of Heinrich Schenker" (Modern Music XI/1, November–December 1933); Frank Knight Dale, "Heinrich Schenker and Musical Form", Bulletin of the American Musicological Society 7, October 1943); Hans Weisse, "The Music Teacher's Dilemma", Proceedings or the Music Teachers National Association (1935); William J. Mitchell, "Heinrich Schenker's Approach to Detail", Musicology I/2 (1946); Arthur Waldeck and Nathan Broder, "Musical Synthesis as Expounded by Heinrich Schenker", The Musical Mercury XI/4 (December 1935); and Adele Katz, "Heinrich Schenker's Method of Analysis" (The Musical Quarterly XXI/3, July 1935). See also David Carson Berry, A Topical Guide to Schenkerian Literature: An Annotated Bibliography with Indices (Hillsdale, NY, Pendragon Press, 2004), section XIV.c.ii., "Reception through English Language Writings, Prior to 1954", pp. 437–43.
Adele Katz, Challenge to Musical Tradition. A New Concept of Tonality, New York, Alfred Knopf, 1945. The book is divided in nine chapters, the first describing "The Concept of Tonality", the eight following devoted to J. S. Bach, Ph. E. Bach, Haydn, Beethoven, Wagner, Debussy, Stravinsky and Schoenberg respectively. On Adele Katz, see David Carson Berry, "The Role of Adele T. Katz in the Early Expansion of the New York 'Schenker School,'" Current Musicology 74 (2002), pp. 103–51.
Schenker, Heinrich. Counterpoint. 由John Rothgeb; Jürgen Thym翻譯. New York, London: Schirmer Books. 1989 [1910, 1922]. ISBN 0-02-873220-0.
Schenker, Heinrich. Der Tonwille 1–10. Vienna: Tonwille Verlag. 1921–1924 (德語).
Schenker, Heinrich. William Drabkin , 編. Der Tonwille 1–10. 由Ian Bent e.a.翻譯. Oxford etc.: Oxford University Press. 2004 [1921–1924].
Schenker, Heinrich. Das Meisterwerk in der Musik 1–3. Münich: Drei Masken Verlag. 1925–1930 (德語).
Schenker, Heinrich. William Drabkin , 編. The Masterwork in Music 1–3. 由Ian Bent e.a.翻譯. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1995–1997 [1925–1930].
Schenker, Heinrich. Oswald Jonas , 編. Der freie Satz. Vienna: Universal Edition. 1956 [1935] (德語).
Schenker, Heinrich. Oswald Jonas , 編. Free Composition. 由Ernst Oster翻譯. New York, London: Longman. 1979 [1956].
Beach, David, ed. (1983). Aspects of Schenkerian Theory. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300028003
Berry, David Carson (2004). A Topical Guide to Schenkerian Literature: An Annotated Bibliography with Indices. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press; ISBN 9781576470954. A thorough documentation of Schenker-related research and analysis. The largest Schenkerian reference work ever published, it has 3600 entries (2200 principal, 1400 secondary) representing the work of 1475 authors. It is organized topically: fifteen broad groupings encompass seventy topical headings, many of which are divided and subdivided again, resulting in a total of 271 headings under which entries are collected.
Eybl, Martin and Fink-Mennel, Evelyn, eds. (2006). Schenkerian traditions. A Viennese school of music theory and its international dissemination. Vienna, Cologne, Weimar: Böhlau. ISBN 3-205-77494-9.
Jonas, Oswald (1982). Introduction to the theory of Heinrich Schenker: the nature of the musical work of art. ISBN 9780967809939, translated by John Rothgeb. New York and London: Longman. "Most complete discussion of Schenker's theories." (Beach 1983)
Blasius, Leslie D. (1996). Schenker's Argument and the Claims of Music Theory, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55085-8.
Brown, Matthew (2005). Explaining Tonality: Schenkerian Theory and Beyond. University of Rochester Press. ISBN 1-58046-160-3.
Cook, Nicholas (2007). The Schenker Project: Culture, Race, and Music Theory in Fin-de-siècle Vienna. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-974429-7.
Essays on the dissemination of Schenkerian thought in the U.S. by David Carson Berry:
The Role of Adele T. Katz in the Early Expansion of the New York 'Schenker School'. Current Musicology. 2002, 74: 103–51.
Eybl, Martin; Fink-Mennel, Evelyn (編). Hans Weisse (1892–1940). Schenker-Traditionen: Eine Wiener Schule der Musiktheorie und ihre internationale Verbreitung [Schenker Traditions: A Viennese School of Music Theory and Its International Dissemination]. Vienna: Böhlau Verlag. 2006: 91–103. ISBN 978-3-205-77494-5.
Forte, Allen and Gilbert, Steven E. (1982). Introduction to Schenkerian Analysis. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-95192-8. Schenker never presented a pedagogical presentation of his theories, this being the first according to its authors.
Snarrenberg, Robert (1997). "Schenker's Interpretive Practice." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-49726-4.
Cadwallader, Allen and Gagné, David (1998). Analysis of Tonal Music: A Schenkerian Approach, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-510232-0. The second major English-language textbook on Schenkerian analysis"
Kalib, Sylvan (1973). Thirteen Essays from The Three Yearbooks 「Das Meisterwerk in Der Musik,」 by Heinrich Schenker: An Annotated Translation. (Vol.’s I–III). Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University.
Westergaard, Peter (1975). An Introduction to Tonal Theory. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 9780393093421
Aldwell, Edward, and Schachter, Carl (2003). Harmony and Voice Leading. Schirmer. 2d ed. 2008; 3d ed. (with Allen Cadwallader), 2011. ISBN 0-495-18975-8.
Pankhurst, Tom (2008), SchenkerGUIDE: A Brief Handbook and Web Site for Schenkerian Analysis, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-97398-8 – an introduction for those completely new to the subject.
拓展應用
Salzer, Felix (1952). Structural Hearing: Tonal Coherence in Music. New York: Charles Boni. "The first book to present a reorganization (as well as modification and expansion) of Schenker's writings from a pedagogical standpoint." Beach (1983)
Westergaard, Peter (1975). An Introduction to Tonal Theory. New York: W.W. Norton.
Yeston, Maury, ed. (1977). Readings in Schenker Analysis and Other Approaches. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Beach, David, ed. (1983). Aspects of Schenkerian Theory. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Epstein, David (1979). Beyond Orpheus – Studies in Musical Structure. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Travis, R. Directed Motion in Schoenberg and Webern. Perspectives of New Music. 1966, 4 (2): 85–89. JSTOR 832217. doi:10.2307/832217.
節奏方面拓展
Komar, Arthur (1971/1980). Theory of Suspensions: A Study of Metrical Pitch Relations in Tonal Music. Princeton: Princeton University Press/Austin, Texas: Peer Publications. (Beach 1983)
Yeston, Maury (1976). The Stratification of Musical Rhythm. New Haven: Yale University Press. (Beach 1983)
批評
Narmour, Eugene (1977). Beyond Schenkerism: The Need for Alternatives in Music Analysis. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.