托斯騰·哈格斯特朗（瑞典語：Torsten Hägerstrand，1916年10月11日—2004年5月3日）是一名瑞典地理學家。他以移民、文化傳播和時間地理學方面的成就而聞名。
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哈格斯特朗是瑞典本地人，是隆德大學的地理學教授（退休後是是名譽教授），並於1953年獲得博士學位。他的博士研究是關於文化傳播。其研究幫助瑞典，特別是隆德，成為文化地理學創新工作的主要中心。[1]他還通過他的學生影響了瑞典的空間規劃實踐。[2]
哈格斯特朗的父親是一所偏遠小學的老師，一家人住在學校里。哈格斯特朗回憶說，他的早期教育是基於瑞士教育家約翰·裴斯泰洛齊的教學理念。哈格斯特朗的幾個學生推測，他的整體觀和遠見卓識源於他早年的教育：[3]
他在家中，家裏按照當時介紹的裴斯泰洛齊傳統，教他當地地理、歷史和民間傳說。製圖學、地質學、植物學和農學都是更整體地理解空間區域內過程中相互關聯的部分。首先，孩子們了解他們周圍的環境（例如教室和農場），然後了解村莊，再逐漸了解整個地區。作為哈格斯特朗的學生，我很容易認識到這一傳統的一部分，它後來成為我們今天所說的「一體視角」。[2]
哈格斯特朗於1937年進入隆德大學。他在1953年完成的博士論文《作為空間過程的創新擴散》（Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process）因在人口發展中創造性地使用蒙特卡羅模擬而聞名。[4]它展示了如何在個體的空間尺度以及大型空間集合體上使用空間過程的動態增量模擬。四十年後，地理學家Andrew Cliff評論了哈格斯特朗方法的遠見：「須知本書所依據的大部分研究都可以追溯到幾乎沒有電腦的時代，更不用說為地理學家所用了，如今重度依賴算力的模擬法在當時就已被想到，實屬非凡。」[5]
哈格斯特朗的研究有賴於隆德大學的發展，特別是瑞典第一台電腦之一Siffermaskinen i Lund（SMIL）的建立。[6]哈格斯特朗指出，瑞典電腦科學家Carl-Erik Fröberg是哈格斯特朗的「中學以來的同學」[6]，在Fröberg等瑞典青年科學家前往美國的一次旅行之後，他向哈格斯特朗介紹了蒙特卡羅方法，該方法確定了其博士論文的思路。是次旅行是由瑞典政府資助，瑞典希望藉此建造自己的電腦的項目。[6]
1969年，在丹麥哥本哈根舉行的區域科學協會歐洲大會上，他作了題為《區域科學中的人呢？》（What about People in Regional Science?）的報告。[7]會議報告的論文於1970年正式發表，成為時間地理學的開山之作。論文提出了兩個概念：
- 需要研究個體以了解社會和群體實踐。當前，現代文化地理學家通常基於個體來研究日常實踐，以了解更大尺度的格局。僅關注群體的研究會將現實視為同質，導致掩蓋真相。
- 空間和時間在過往研究中未能很好地同時予以考慮。從歷史上看，社會科學家認為時間和空間特徵相關，但將其作為外部因素處理。哈格斯特朗早期關於創新擴散的研究（研究新技術的地理傳播）使他意識到，兩者雖然分開，但並非相互獨立；二者之間有法國理論家亨利·列斐伏爾所說的辯證關係。
哈格斯特朗最初的工作主要是定量的，這點很重要，因為當他在1942年發表他的第一篇論文時，地理學還是一個高度描述性的學科。[8]在1950年代，他是為統計原始數據進行地址編碼的先驅。[9]他設計了一些模型和統計技術，例如時空立方體和時空稜柱，在之後的地理資訊系統開發中，這些技術對運動數據的處理和可視化至關重要。[10]他的作品啟發了Allan Pred和Nigel Thrift等人，他們幫助將這些技術帶到了英語世界。[11]
哈格斯特朗的工作幫助將人文主義思想引入了地理學，從而促進了批判地理學的發展。[12]雖然他的早期作品主要是定量的，但哈格斯特朗的後期作品更加關注思想體現和情感的概念。[13]儘管如此，他的方法還是受到了女性主義地理學家吉莉恩·羅斯的批評，她聲稱這種模型展示了一種男性氣質的、錯誤的世界觀。[14]不過，後來的地理學家也試圖將時間地理學與女性主義地理學的定性研究和情感現象學結合起來。[15]
哈格斯特朗的研究繼續成為非表徵理論基礎的一部分，新一代社會科學家[16]和生物學家[17]對他的工作進行了重新評價，這意味着他至今仍是一位有影響力的思想家。2005年，Nigel Thrift總結了哈格斯特朗的時間地理學對當代社會科學的五個貢獻：
首先，它提供了一種具象性的感覺，一種「它在那裏」（thereness）的力量，而且其實現方式——視覺表達——至今仍是極少數社會理論家的專利。所有這些錯綜複雜的圖表，部分是對事件進行的語用學，這個主題，例如在德勒茲等作者的作品中，現已成為社會科學和人文學科的時尚，但在哈格斯特朗工作時，往往僅限於哲學領域，只有社會互動論者和民族方法學家的是例外，但他們中除了相對較小的愛好者圈子之外，對此的理解非常片面。其次，哈格斯特朗的作品是對涂爾幹的「空間和時間是既源自社會，又施加在社會上的社會範疇、社會集體表徵」這一思想的攻擊。[……]時間地理學強調，人類行為受到物理制約，制約構建起更大的機會網絡，各機會之間相互競爭從而控制局面的發展，這使得超越社會建構主義成為可能。[……]第三，也是直接相關的一點，那些時間地理學圖表也有其他貢獻。它們從根本上減少了人類與其他物體之間的區別。它們提供了一種世界呈現方式的中立性，甚至是描述方式的民主性。[……]第四，哈格斯特朗的作品支持一種地理倫理，它以明智利用空間和時間為中心。儘管哈格斯特朗常以經濟隱喻來描述使用空間和時間的智慧，但我相信他表達的是更廣泛、更包羅的東西，在我看來，這是值得牢牢把握的，是一種基本維度的民主氣質，是使用空間和時間的歡宴。第五，哈格斯特朗提供了一種可以以不同方式記錄世界的語言。也許看待哈格斯特朗作品的一種方式是視之為用一種許多人都能理解的語言說「你好」：繪畫是一種視覺世界語。[18]
哈格斯特朗獲得了卑爾根大學、挪威經濟與工商管理學院、挪威科技大學、布里斯托大學、愛丁堡大學、格拉斯哥大學和俄亥俄州立大學的榮譽博士學位。俄亥俄州立大學榮譽學位附帶的表彰指出，「他在1950年代和1960年代開展的創新傳播工作，繼續被引用為衡量當下研究的標準」，並且「這位傑出的個人......啟發了世界各地的一代學者。」
他是瑞典皇家科學院、瑞典皇家文學院、瑞典皇家工程科學院、挪威科學與文學院、芬蘭科學院、美國文理科學院的成員，是英國國家學術院的通訊院士、法國地理學會會員。他也是歐洲科學院的創始成員之一。
1968年，哈格斯特朗教授獲得了美國地理學協會的Charles P. Daly獎章，並於1968年獲得了美國地理學家協會頒發的傑出成就獎。1979年，他獲得了皇家地理學會頒發的維多利亞獎章。
1992 年，托斯騰·哈格斯特朗獲得了地理學的最高獎項：瓦特林·路德國際地理學獎。
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- Hägerstrand, Torsten. Statistiska primäruppgifter, flygkartering och "data processing"-maskiner: ett kombineringsprojekt. Svensk Geografisk Årsbok. 1955, (31): 233–255 （瑞典語）.
- Hannerberg, David; Hägerstrand, Torsten (編). Migration in Sweden: a symposium. Lund studies in geography: Series B, Human geography, 13. Lund: CWK Gleerup. 1957. OCLC 170619.
- Hägerstrand, Torsten. Innovation diffusion as a spatial process [Innovationsförloppet ur korologisk synpunkt]
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- Hägerstrand, Torsten. The computer and the geographer. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 1967b, (42): 1–19. JSTOR 621369. doi:10.2307/621369.
- Hägerstrand, Torsten. What about people in regional science?. Papers of the Regional Science Association. 1970, 24 (1): 6–21. S2CID 198174673. doi:10.1007/BF01936872.
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- Hägerstrand, Torsten. In search for the sources of concepts. Buttimer, Anne (編). The practice of geography. London; New York: Longman. 1983: 238–256. ISBN 978-0582300873. OCLC 8629687.
- Hägerstrand, Torsten (編). The identification of progress in learning. European Science Foundation; International Colloquium on the Identification of Progress in Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985. ISBN 978-0521300872. OCLC 10924966.
- Hägerstrand, Torsten. Time geography: focus on the corporeality of man, society and environment. Aida, Shūhei (編). The science and praxis of complexity: contributions to the symposium held at Montpellier, France, 9–11 May, 1984. Tokyo: United Nations University Press. 1985: 193–216. ISBN 9789280805604. OCLC 13025296.
- Hägerstrand, Torsten. Om tidens vidd och tingens ordning. A selection of Professor Hägerstrand's 300-odd scholarly essays, articles, lectures, and papers, edited by Gösta Carlestam and Barbro Sollbe. Stockholm: Byggforskningsrådet. 1991. ISBN 978-9154053636. OCLC 29548202 （瑞典語）.
- Hägerstrand, Torsten. The global and the local. Svedin, Uno; Aniansson, Britt Hägerhäll (編). Society and the environment: a Swedish research perspective. Ecology, economy & environment, 2. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1992: 13–21. ISBN 978-0792317968. OCLC 25788428.
- Hägerstrand, Torsten. Action in the physical everyday world. Haggett, Peter; Cliff, Andrew (編). Diffusing geography: essays for Peter Haggett. The Institute of British Geographers special publications series, 31. Oxford; Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. 1995: 35–45. ISBN 978-0631195344. OCLC 30895028.
- Hägerstrand, Torsten. A look at the political geography of environmental management. Buttimer, Anne (編). Sustainable landscapes and lifeways: scale and appropriateness. Sterling, VA: Cork University Press. 2001: 35–58 [1995]. ISBN 978-1859183007. OCLC 45879916.
- Hägerstrand, Torsten; Carlstein, Tommy. The two vistas. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography. December 2004, 86 (4): 315–323. doi:10.1111/j.0435-3684.2004.00170.x.
- Hägerstrand, Torsten. Tillvaroväven. Edited by Kajsa Ellegård and Uno Svedin, with a bibliography by Bo Lenntorp. Stockholm: Forskningsrådet Formas. 2009. ISBN 978-9154060337. OCLC 456875435 （瑞典語）.
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- Baer, Leonard D; Butler, David R. Space–time modeling of grizzly bears. Geographical Review. April 2000, 90 (2): 206–221. S2CID 162614564. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2000.tb00331.x.
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- Buttimer, Anne; Mels, Tom. By northern lights: on the making of geography in Sweden. Foreword by Torsten Hägerstrand. Aldershot, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate. 2006. ISBN 978-0754648147. OCLC 63187516.
- Cliff, Andrew; Pred, Allan; Hägerstrand, Torsten. Classics in human geography revisited: Innovation diffusion as a spatial process. Progress in Human Geography. October 1992, 16 (4): 541–544. S2CID 145756486. doi:10.1177/030913259201600403.
- Downs, Joni A; Horner, Mark W; Tucker, Anton D. Time-geographic density estimation for home range analysis. Annals of GIS. September 2011, 17 (3): 163–171. S2CID 7891668. doi:10.1080/19475683.2011.602023.
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