瑪拿西·本·以色列

瑪拿西·本·以色列
瑪拿西·本·以色列
	由薩洛姆·意大利（英語：Salom_Italia）製作的雕刻肖像，1642年
出生	1604年; 法國拉羅謝爾
逝世	1657年11月20日（52—53歲）; 荷蘭米德爾堡
墓地	奧德科克安德阿姆斯特爾（英語：Ouderkerk a/d Amstel）
職業	拉比
簽名

瑪拿西·本·以色列（Menasseh ben Israel；מנשה בן ישראל‬，1604年—1657年11月 20 日），縮寫MB"Y或MBI，本名馬諾埃爾·迪亞斯·索埃羅（Manoel Dias Soeiro），是伊比利亞拉比、卡巴拉學者、作家、外交官、印刷商、出版商。1626年，於阿姆斯特丹，創辦第一台希伯來語印刷機（Emeth Meerets Tits‎）。

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1604年，瑪拿西出生於拉羅謝爾^[2] ^[3] ^[4] ，本名馬諾埃爾·迪亞斯·索埃羅（Manoel Dias Soeiro）。1603年，因伊比利亞的宗教迫害，其父母離開葡萄牙。 1610 年，全家搬到荷蘭。在八十年戰爭（1568-1648）期間，荷蘭是宗教上抵抗西班牙天主教統治的要角。阿姆斯特丹成為當時歐洲猶太人的重要生活中心。 1610年，一家人抵達海牙，正值法英斡旋下荷西的十二年停戰協議（英語：Twelve_Years'_Truce）。在阿姆斯特丹，瑪拿西師從摩西·拉斐爾·德·阿吉拉爾（英語：Moses_Raphael_de_Aguilar）。

瑪拿西不僅是拉比和作家，更作為印刷商，而聲名鵲起。在荷蘭，瑪拿西創辦了第一家希伯來語出版社。1632年，出版作品《調和者》（El Conciliador） ^[5]，贏得聲譽；該作試圖調和希伯來聖經各部分中的明顯差異。他旗下作者，包括弗西烏斯（英語：Gerardus Vossius）、格老秀斯、彼得·塞里烏斯（英語：Petrus Serrarius）、António Vieira（英語：António Vieira）和惠特（英語：Pierre Daniel Huet）等人。1638年，因為在阿姆斯特丹生計困難，瑪拿西決定定居巴西。瑪拿西可能考慮過荷蘭殖民地累西腓，但沒有選擇那邊。葡萄牙猶太企業家亞伯拉罕·佩雷拉（英語：Abraham Pereyra）兄弟的到來改善了瑪拿西在荷蘭的財務狀況。佩雷拉兄弟聘請瑪拿西管理他們在荷蘭建立的學校（yeshibah）。 ^[6]

1644年，瑪拿西遇到了葡萄牙旅行家安東尼奧·德·蒙特齊諾斯（英語：Antonio de Montezinos）。蒙特齊諾斯是曾到過新大陸的瑪拉諾。蒙特齊諾斯說服瑪拿西相信自己所見：南美安第斯山脈的印第安人是以色列失落的十支派後裔。因為猶太人佈滿世界咸認為是彌賽亞到來的標誌，瑪拿西的彌賽亞希望受此訊息鼓舞。1290年，猶太人在英國遭到驅逐，瑪拿西努力讓猶太人獲准再次定居英國，從而加速彌賽亞到來。

隨着英格蘭共和國的建立，在對宗教自由日益增長的渴望，越來越多清教徒支持接納猶太人；猶太人接納議題提上政治議程。此外，彌賽亞和其他神秘主義流行英格蘭。1650年，在阿姆斯特丹，瑪拿西作品《以色列的希望》首次以拉丁文 ( Spes Israels ) 和西班牙文 ( Esperança de Israel ) 出版。^[7] 該書回應1648年John Dury（英語：John Dury）詢問蒙特齊諾斯主張的信。該書除了報導蒙特齊諾斯的美洲猶太人觀察外，還表達了猶太人返回英國的希望，以加速彌賽亞到來。瑪拿西還強調了自身與議會的密切關係，解釋猶太人與英格蘭的友好關係，而不只是經濟利益。 ^[8] ^{[note 1]}

1651年，瑪拿西主動提出為瑞典女王克里斯蒂娜代理希伯來書籍。同年，瑪拿西會見Oliver St John（英語：Oliver St John），執行其委託，確保英荷同盟，給予荷蘭公民在英居留和工作權，從而使在荷猶太人一利均霑。英國人欣賞瑪拿西的學識和禮儀，建議他正式申請猶太人重新進入英國。 ^[9] 1652 年，John Dury（英語：John Dury）頹對將《以色列的希望》譯成英文，在倫敦出版，獻給議會和國務會議。^[10] 瑪拿西在新世界發現失落支派的故事，深刻影響英國大眾。^[11] 議員愛德華·史賓塞（英語：Edward Spencer (English politician)）和學者摩西·沃爾（Moses Wall）激烈辯論瑪拿西的千禧年主張，與猶太人皈依基督教。兩人往返書信後收錄《以色列的希望》再版中。 ^[8] 瑪拿西為在英猶太人辯護道： ^[12]

由此可見，神並沒有離開我們，神也沒有離開我們。因為如果有人迫害我們，另一個人就會禮貌地接待我們；如果這個親王對我們不好，另一位親王就會對我們好；如果有人將我們驅逐出他的國家，另一人就會以千種特權邀請我們；正如意大利的眾多王子、丹麥最傑出的國王和尼斯強大的薩伏依公爵所做的那樣。難道我們沒有看到那些接納猶太人的共和國確實繁榮昌盛嗎？
Hence it may be seen that God hath not left us; for if one persecutes us, another receives us civilly and courteously; and if this prince treats us ill, another treats us well; if one banisheth us out of his country, another invites us with a thousand privileges; as divers princes of Italy have done, the most eminent King of Denmark, and the mighty Duke of Savoy in Nissa. And do we not see that those Republiques do flourish and much increase in trade who admit the Israelites?

鑒於猶太人對英國商業的益處，克倫威爾同情猶太人。此時，英國給予猶太人在蘇里南殖民地的全部權利。

1655年11月，瑪拿西抵達倫敦。在離開荷蘭期間，阿姆斯特丹拉比將其學生斯賓諾莎逐出猶太公會。在倫敦，瑪拿西發表了他的《致護國公的拙見》（Humble Addresses to the Lord Protector），另一方面，William Prynne（英語：William Prynne）出版《簡短的抗議》（Short Demurrer）反對。同年12月，克倫威爾召開了白廳會議（英語：Whitehall_Conference）。

白廳會議僅確認無法令限制猶太人在英居住。 ^{[note 2]} 當William Prynne（英語：William Prynne）等反對派攻擊猶太人時，瑪拿西出版《為猶太人辯護》（Vindiciae judaeorum, 1656）回應。

白廳會議後，瑪拿西·本·以色列在英國待了近兩年。在此期間，他試圖獲得猶太人在英居住的書面許可，結識許多英國千禧年主義人士，但未果。 ^[14]

1657 年 2 月，克倫威爾授予瑪拿西·本·以色列國家養老金，但他在享受這筆養老金前，1657年冬，荷蘭米德爾堡，瑪拿西先已去世（5418年基斯流月14日）。時，瑪拿西正將兒子撒母耳的屍體運回家埋葬。 ^[15]

瑪拿西·本·以色列的墳墓位於荷蘭^[16]^[17] 。

伊薩克·德·拉·培伊埃爾

腳註

[N 1]
Hope of Israel was translated into English by Moses Wall, a millenarian and friend of Milton. Wall both supported the book's millennial themes and believed in God's special favour for the Jews, which he based on the writings of Thomas Brightman.^[8]
[N 2]
John Evelyn's diary entry for 14 December 1655.
I visited Mr. Hobbes, the famous philosopher of Malmesbury, with who I had been long acquainted in France.
Now were the Jews admitted.^[13]

註腳

[1]
Cecil Roth published a massive biography of Menasseh ben Israel (Roth, 1934), where this etching is also printed. However, in his 1970 entry on MbI for the Encyclopedia Judaica (see Roth, 2007, below; Roth was editor in chief of the first edition of that encyclopedia in 1970) he wrote:
[2]
Cardozo de Bethencourt, « Lettres de Menasseh ben Israël à Isaac Vossius (1651-1655) », Revue des études juives, n. 49-97, 1904, p. 98. He relies on the Amsterdam City Archives, where the marriage certificate of Menasseh ben Israel of 15 August 1623 is deposited (D. T. en B. 669, t° 95 vo).
[3]
Bethencourt is cited in the Jewish Encyclopedia′s biography of Menasseh ben Israel (online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）).
[4]
Other sources give Lisbon () or Madeira Island () as a birthplace.
[5]
Menasseh Ben Israel. El Conciliador (The Conciliator). Amsterdam, 1632. Reprinted in The Conciliator of R. Manasseh Ben Israel: A Reconcilement of the Apparent Contradictions in Holy Scripture: To Which Are Added Explanatory Notes, and Biographical Notices of the Quoted Authorities. Translated by Elias Hiam Lindo. London, 1842. Reprinted by, e.g., Nabu Press, 2010. ISBN 1148567577.
[6]
For the economic ties binding Manasseh Ben Israel's intellectual activities to the mercantile activities of the brothers Pereyra throughout the entire period, see Roth, Cecil. A Life of Manasseh Ben Israel, Rabbi, Printer, and Diplomat. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. 1934: 62–63 and 316–317.; and Méchoulan, Henry; Nahon, Gérard (編). Menasseh Ben Israel: The Hope of Israel. The English translation by Moses Wall, 1652. New York: Oxford University Press. 1987: 40 and 70.
[7]
Those were the two initial main languages used by Menasseh when addressing the general Christian public in Europe. The full title of the Latin edition was Mikveh Israel, hoc est Spes Israelis. The Hebrew part of this full Latin name is taken from Jeremiah 14:8, as Menasseh explains in the introduction to the Spanish version. The English version was first published by Moses Wall in London only in 1652.Cf. Méchoulan and Nahon, op. cit., pp. 60-62.
[8]
Crome, Andrew (2014). The Restoration of the Jews: Early Modern Hermeneutics, Eschatology, and National Identity in the Works of Thomas Brightman. Springer. ISBN 9783319047614. p.192-194
[9]
Sachar, Howard M. (1994). Farewell Espana: The World of the Sephardim Remembered p.313. Knopf Doubleday. ISBN 9780804150538
[10]
Lucien Wolf (ed.), Manasseh ben Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell (London 1901)
[11]
Wilensky, M. The Royalist Position concerning the Readmission of Jews to England. The Jewish Quarterly Review. New Series. 1951, 41 (4): 397–409. JSTOR 1453207. doi:10.2307/1453207.
[12]
Manasseh ben Israel, 'The Hope of Israel' (London 1652), printed in Lucien Wolf (ed.), Manasseh ben Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell (London 1901), p.50-51.Noted in Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews, p.246
[13]
The diary of John Evelyn ed. Bray, William. (1901). Archive.org p.307
[14]
Katz, David S. (1989). Menasseh Ben Israel's Christian Connection: Henry Jessey and the Jews pps. 117-119 in eds. Kaplan, Yosef; Popkin, Richard Henry; Mechoulan, Henry Menasseh Ben Israel and His World, BRILL, ISBN 9789004091146
[15]
Graetz, Heinrich (2009). History of the Jews: From the Chmielnicki Persecution of the Jews in Poland (1648 C. E.) to the Period of Emancipation in Cent. Cosimo. ISBN 9781605209494. p. 49.
[16]
Palache, Samuel (archive card number 15226). Dutch Jewry. [30 August 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-25）.
[17]
Begraafplaats Ouderkerk a/d Amstel - Menasseh Ben Israel. Dutch Jewry. [8 September 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-17）.

Jewish Encyclopedia (1901-1906) （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） entry on Menasseh Ben Israel by Joseph Jacobs
Encyclopaedia Judaica (2007) （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） entry on "Manasseh (Menasseh) Ben Israel" by Cecil Roth and A.K. Offenberg (2nd ed.)
Digital collection of books and letters related to Menasseh Ben Israel （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Short biography of Menasseh Ben Israel （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
The Hope of Israel (Vilnius, 1836 in the original Hebrew text) （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） online at Hebrewbooks.org
Manasseh ben Israel as a printer Rare Books of the Shimeon Brisman Collection in Jewish Studies, Washington University
Rabbi Menashe Ben Israel: The Chacham Who Opened England to Jews （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） by Rabbi Menachem Levine

[9] [N 1]
Hope of Israel was translated into English by Moses Wall, a millenarian and friend of Milton. Wall both supported the book's millennial themes and believed in God's special favour for the Jews, which he based on the writings of Thomas Brightman.^[8]

[15] [N 2]
John Evelyn's diary entry for 14 December 1655.
I visited Mr. Hobbes, the famous philosopher of Malmesbury, with who I had been long acquainted in France.
Now were the Jews admitted.^[13]

[1] [1]
Cecil Roth published a massive biography of Menasseh ben Israel (Roth, 1934), where this etching is also printed. However, in his 1970 entry on MbI for the Encyclopedia Judaica (see Roth, 2007, below; Roth was editor in chief of the first edition of that encyclopedia in 1970) he wrote:

[2] [2]
Cardozo de Bethencourt, « Lettres de Menasseh ben Israël à Isaac Vossius (1651-1655) », Revue des études juives, n. 49-97, 1904, p. 98. He relies on the Amsterdam City Archives, where the marriage certificate of Menasseh ben Israel of 15 August 1623 is deposited (D. T. en B. 669, t° 95 vo).

[3] [3]
Bethencourt is cited in the Jewish Encyclopedia′s biography of Menasseh ben Israel (online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）).

[4] [4]
Other sources give Lisbon () or Madeira Island () as a birthplace.

[5] [5]
Menasseh Ben Israel. El Conciliador (The Conciliator). Amsterdam, 1632. Reprinted in The Conciliator of R. Manasseh Ben Israel: A Reconcilement of the Apparent Contradictions in Holy Scripture: To Which Are Added Explanatory Notes, and Biographical Notices of the Quoted Authorities. Translated by Elias Hiam Lindo. London, 1842. Reprinted by, e.g., Nabu Press, 2010. ISBN 1148567577.

[6] [6]
For the economic ties binding Manasseh Ben Israel's intellectual activities to the mercantile activities of the brothers Pereyra throughout the entire period, see Roth, Cecil. A Life of Manasseh Ben Israel, Rabbi, Printer, and Diplomat. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. 1934: 62–63 and 316–317.; and Méchoulan, Henry; Nahon, Gérard (編). Menasseh Ben Israel: The Hope of Israel. The English translation by Moses Wall, 1652. New York: Oxford University Press. 1987: 40 and 70.

[7] [7]
Those were the two initial main languages used by Menasseh when addressing the general Christian public in Europe. The full title of the Latin edition was Mikveh Israel, hoc est Spes Israelis. The Hebrew part of this full Latin name is taken from Jeremiah 14:8, as Menasseh explains in the introduction to the Spanish version. The English version was first published by Moses Wall in London only in 1652.Cf. Méchoulan and Nahon, op. cit., pp. 60-62.

[Crome2014-8] [8]
Crome, Andrew (2014). The Restoration of the Jews: Early Modern Hermeneutics, Eschatology, and National Identity in the Works of Thomas Brightman. Springer. ISBN 9783319047614. p.192-194

[10] [9]
Sachar, Howard M. (1994). Farewell Espana: The World of the Sephardim Remembered p.313. Knopf Doubleday. ISBN 9780804150538

[11] [10]
Lucien Wolf (ed.), Manasseh ben Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell (London 1901)

[wilensky-12] [11]
Wilensky, M. The Royalist Position concerning the Readmission of Jews to England. The Jewish Quarterly Review. New Series. 1951, 41 (4): 397–409. JSTOR 1453207. doi:10.2307/1453207.

[13] [12]
Manasseh ben Israel, 'The Hope of Israel' (London 1652), printed in Lucien Wolf (ed.), Manasseh ben Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell (London 1901), p.50-51.Noted in Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews, p.246

[14] [13]
The diary of John Evelyn ed. Bray, William. (1901). Archive.org p.307

[16] [14]
Katz, David S. (1989). Menasseh Ben Israel's Christian Connection: Henry Jessey and the Jews pps. 117-119 in eds. Kaplan, Yosef; Popkin, Richard Henry; Mechoulan, Henry Menasseh Ben Israel and His World, BRILL, ISBN 9789004091146

[17] [15]
Graetz, Heinrich (2009). History of the Jews: From the Chmielnicki Persecution of the Jews in Poland (1648 C. E.) to the Period of Emancipation in Cent. Cosimo. ISBN 9781605209494. p. 49.

[18] [16]
Palache, Samuel (archive card number 15226). Dutch Jewry. [30 August 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-25）.

[19] [17]
Begraafplaats Ouderkerk a/d Amstel - Menasseh Ben Israel. Dutch Jewry. [8 September 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-17）.

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瑪拿西·本·以色列

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參見

參考

外部連結

瑪拿西·本·以色列
由薩洛姆·意大利（英語：Salom_Italia）製作的雕刻肖像，1642年
出生	1604年 (1604) 法國拉羅謝爾
逝世	1657年11月20日(1657歲—11—20)（52—53歲）荷蘭米德爾堡
墓地	奧德科克安德阿姆斯特爾（英語：Ouderkerk a/d Amstel）
職業	拉比
簽名