阿拉姆字母(Aramaic alphabet),又稱阿拉米字母、阿拉美字母、亞蘭字母,是一種源自北方閃米特字母的輔音音素文字(abjad),通行於今日敘利亞以東的西亞地區。阿拉姆字母主要用來書寫阿拉姆語。現存的阿拉姆字母碑文都在公元前9世紀到前7世紀,大約在公元前8世紀開始與腓尼基字母分化,直到公元前331年波斯帝國瓦解後,開始分化成西亞地區的各種文字,包括今日的希伯來字母都是源於阿拉姆字母。
字母
字母名稱 | 亞拉姆語所用字母 | IPA | 等價 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
敘利亞字母 | 帝國阿拉米字母 | 希伯來字母 | 馬盧拉阿拉米字母 | 腓尼基字母 | 阿拉伯字母 | 婆羅米字母 | 納巴泰字母 | 佉盧字母 | 古突厥字母 | 吉茲字母 | |||||
圖像 | 文字 | 圖像 | 文字 | ||||||||||||
Ālap | ܐ | 𐡀 | /ʔ/; /aː/, /eː/ | א | 𐤀 | ا | 𑀅 | 𐨀 | 𐰁 | አ | |||||
Bēth | ܒ | 𐡁 | /b/, /β/ | ב | 𐤁 | ب | 𑀩 | 𐨦 | 𐰉 | በ | |||||
Gāmal | ܓ | 𐡂 | /ɡ/, /ɣ/ | ג | 𐤂 | ج | 𑀕 | 𐨒 | 𐰏 | ገ | |||||
Dālath | ܕ | 𐡃 | /d/, /ð/ | ד | 𐤃 | د ذ | 𑀥 | 𐨢 | 𐰒 | ደ ዳ | |||||
Hē | ܗ | 𐡄 | /ɦ/ | ה | 𐤄 | ه | 𑀳 | 𐨱 | 𐰜 | ኸ | |||||
Waw | ܘ | 𐡅 | /w/; /oː/, /uː/ | ו | 𐤅 | و | 𑀯 | 𐨬 | 𐰈 | ወ ዋ | |||||
Zain | ܙ | 𐡆 | /z/ | ז | 𐤆 | ز | 𑀚 | 𐨗 | 𐰕 | ዘ ዠ | |||||
Ḥēth | ܚ | 𐡇 | /ʜ/ /χ/ | ח | 𐤇 | ح خ | 𑀖 | 𐨓 | 𐰴 | ሀ ኀ | |||||
Ṭēth | ܛ | 𐡈 | /tˤ/ | ט | 𐤈 | ط ظ | 𑀣 | 𐨠 | 𐰓 | ተ ፀ | |||||
Yodh | ܝ | 𐡉 | /j/; /iː/, /eː/ | י | 𐤉 | ي | 𑀬 | 𐨩 | 𐰘 | የ | |||||
Kāp | ܟ | 𐡊 | /k/, /x/ | כ ך | 𐤊 | ك | 𑀓 | 𐨐 | 𐰚 | ከ | |||||
Lāmadh | ܠ | 𐡋 | /l/ | ל | 𐤋 | ل | 𑀮 | 𐨫 | 𐰞 | ለ ላ | |||||
Mem | ܡ | 𐡌 | /m/ | מ ם | 𐤌 | م | 𑀫 | 𐨨 | 𐰢 | መ | |||||
Nun | ܢ | 𐡍 | /n/ | נ ן | 𐤍 | ن | 𑀦 | 𐨣 | 𐰤 | ነ | |||||
Semkath | ܣ | 𐡎 | /s/ | ס | 𐤎 | س | 𑀰 | 𐨭 | 𐰾 | ሠ | |||||
ʿĒ | ܥ | 𐡏 | /ʢ/ /ʁ/ | ע | 𐤏 | ع غ | 𑀏 | 𐨀𐨅 | 𐰠⸲𐰭 | ዐ | |||||
Pē | ܦ | 𐡐 | /p/, /ɸ/ | פ ף | 𐤐 | ف | 𑀧 | 𐨤 | 𐰯 | ፈ | |||||
Ṣādhē | ܨ | , | 𐡑 | /sˤ/ | צ ץ | 𐤑 | ص ض | 𑀲 | 𐨯 | 𐰽 | ሰ | ||||
Qop | ܩ | 𐡒 | /qˤ/ | ק | 𐤒 | ق | 𑀔 | 𐨑 | 𐰵 | ቀ | |||||
Rēsh | ܪ | 𐡓 | /r/ | ר | 𐤓 | ر | 𑀭 | 𐨪 | 𐰺 | ረ | |||||
Shin | ܫ | 𐡔 | /ʃ/ | ש | 𐤔 | ش | 𑀱 | 𐨮 | 𐱂 | ሠ ሸ | |||||
Taw | ܬ | 𐡕 | /t/, /θ/ | ת | 𐤕 | ت ث | 𑀢 | 𐨟 | 𐱅 | ጠ ፀ |
Unicode
帝國阿拉姆字母 Imperial Aramaic[1][2] Unicode Consortium 官方碼表(PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+1084x | 𐡀 | 𐡁 | 𐡂 | 𐡃 | 𐡄 | 𐡅 | 𐡆 | 𐡇 | 𐡈 | 𐡉 | 𐡊 | 𐡋 | 𐡌 | 𐡍 | 𐡎 | 𐡏 |
U+1085x | 𐡐 | 𐡑 | 𐡒 | 𐡓 | 𐡔 | 𐡕 | 𐡗 | 𐡘 | 𐡙 | 𐡚 | 𐡛 | 𐡜 | 𐡝 | 𐡞 | 𐡟 | |
註釋 |
參考
- Daniels, Peter T., et al. eds. The World's Writing Systems Oxford. (1996)
- Coulmas, Florian. The Writing Systems of the World Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford. (1989)
- 周有光,(1997年),《世界文字發展史》,ISBN 7-5320-4906-X
- Byrne, Ryan. 「Middle Aramaic Scripts.」 Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics. Elsevier. (2006)
- Daniels, Peter T., et al. eds. The World's Writing Systems. Oxford. (1996)
- Coulmas, Florian. The Writing Systems of the World. Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford. (1989)
- Rudder, Joshua. Learn to Write Aramaic: A Step-by-Step Approach to the Historical & Modern Scripts. n.p.: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011. 220 pp. ISBN 978-1461021421 Includes a wide variety of Aramaic scripts.
- Ancient Hebrew and Aramaic on Coins, reading and transliterating Proto-Hebrew, online edition. (Judaea Coin Archive)
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