火槍是一種中國古代的火器,最早出現於公元10-12世紀。火槍是所有現代火藥類武器的鼻祖[1],曾在宋金戰爭期間發揮了巨大作用。它最初是一種附在長柄武器(即「槍」)上的小型煙火式裝置,用於在近戰開始時獲得衝擊優勢[2]。隨着火藥的改進,爆炸物的排放量增加,碎片或彈丸等也被添加,使其具有現代火焰噴射器以及霰彈槍組合的一些效果,但射程非常短(約3米或10英尺),而且只有一發子彈(一些設計可擊發兩次)。至13世紀末期,火槍的槍管已轉變為金屬材料,以更好地承受爆炸衝擊波,並且槍頭的尖刺設計被放棄,轉而成為僅依靠火藥擊發完成攻擊的純火器。這些武器日後演變為了最早的手銃[3]。
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名稱
根據使用王朝的不同以及構造等若干差異方面,火槍在當時有着包括「突火槍」、「梨花槍」、「火門槍」、「槍砲」等不同的名稱。此外,因為現代漢語裏的小型火器亦以「槍」一詞通稱,「火槍」一詞在現代漢語裏既可以表示步槍時代以前的早期火器(特別是鳥銃等),也可以用於指代後來所有的近現代槍支,在這種場合下一般將前者替稱為「火矛槍」以作區分。
設計
參見:火箭 (古代)
最早出現的火槍由一根通常是竹子的管子組成,裏面裝有火藥和一根慢火柴,綁在長矛或其他長柄武器上。 一旦點燃,火藥管就會向矛頭方向噴射出一股火焰。 後來將鐵丸或陶器碎片等射彈添加到火藥中。 發射時,火藥裝藥將彈丸與火焰一起噴射出來[4]。
金屬火槍管出現在13世紀中葉左右,並且不再捆綁於槍上,開始獨立於長槍本身而使用。獨立出來的金屬炮管被稱為「eruptor」,成為手銃的前身[4]。
在歐洲,以木管制造的火槍版本曾被使用[5]。
圖集
參見
參考文獻
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- Brown, Ruth Rhynas. Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period. Journal of the Ordnance Society. 2005, 17: 25–36.
書目
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- Agrawal, Jai Prakash, High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics, Wiley-VCH, 2010
- Andrade, Tonio, The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7.
- Arnold, Thomas, The Renaissance at War, Cassell & Co, 2001, ISBN 0-304-35270-5
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- Buchanan, Brenda J. (編), Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History, Technology and Culture (Aldershot: Ashgate), 2006, 49 (3): 785–786 [2023-10-29], ISBN 0-7546-5259-9, S2CID 111173101, doi:10.1353/tech.0.0051, (原始內容存檔於2016-03-05)
- Chase, Kenneth, Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-82274-2.
- Cocroft, Wayne, Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture, Swindon: English Heritage, 2000 [2023-10-29], ISBN 1-85074-718-0, (原始內容存檔於2019-12-21)
- Cowley, Robert, Experience of War, Laurel, 1993.
- Cressy, David, Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder, Oxford University Press, 2013
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- Earl, Brian, Cornish Explosives, Cornwall: The Trevithick Society, 1978, ISBN 0-904040-13-5.
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- Grant, R.G., Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare, DK Publishing, 2011.
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- Harding, Richard, Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650-1830, UCL Press Limited, 1999
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- Johnson, Norman Gardner. Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Online. (原始內容存檔於2015-04-26) 使用
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, Boston: David R. Godine, 1979, ISBN 0-87923-773-2 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
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外部連結
- Little Bit of Info on the Fire Lance (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Medieval Chinese Armies, 1260-1520 (Men-at-arms S.) by Chris J. Peers. ISBN 1-85532-599-3
- Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)