專業

專業是一個漢語詞彙，指可以進行專精研究的某種行業，也稱為專門業（英語：profession^{[註 1]}）。從事專業的人群可以被稱為專家，是一群紀律嚴明、遵守道德標準的群體，一般是在進行過科研、參與過教育和培訓體系中獲得了特殊知識和技能，以及被公眾接受的相關學位或證書，並為了他人的利益而鍛煉這些技能與知識並加以應用的人群。^[1]^[2]

專業也是一種建立在專門教育培訓之上的職業，其目的是為他人提供（無私而客觀的）建議和服務，以獲直接而確定的報酬。^[3]中世紀和近代早期的歐洲傳統只承認三種職業：神學、醫學和法學^[4]^[5]。職業不是工藝^[6]也不是產業。^[7]

一些專業在地位和權力方面略有變化，但隨着時間的推移，它們的聲望通常保持穩定，即使該專業開始需要更多的學習和正規教育。^[8] 最近正式化的學科，例如建築學，現在也有同樣長的研究時間與之相關。^[9]

儘管專家可能享有較高的地位和公眾聲望，但並非所有專業人士的薪水都很高，甚至在特定行業內，薪水也存在顯著差異。例如，在法律中，按小時工作的公司辯護律師的收入可能是檢察官或公設辯護人收入的數倍。^{[來源請求]}

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當任何行業或職業透過「基於教育、學徒和考試的正式資格的發展，具有接納和懲戒成員權力的監管機構的出現，以及某種程度的壟斷權而自我轉變時，專業就通過專業化過程而產生」。^[10]

可能標誌着職業被確定為專業的主要里程碑包括：^[11]

職業成為全職職業
建立培訓學校
建立大學學院
成立地方專業協會
成立全國專業倫理控管組織
制定該領域從業許可相關法規

將這些里程碑應用於美國的歷史發展順序表明，測量領域首先取得專業地位（喬治·華盛頓、湯瑪斯·傑佛遜和亞伯拉罕·林肯在進入政界前都曾擔任土地測量師^[12]^[13]^[14]），其次是醫學、精算科學、法律、牙科、土木工程、物流、建築和會計等。^[15]

隨着 19 世紀技術和職業專業化的興起，其他機構開始取得專業地位：機械工程、藥學、獸醫、心理學、護理、教學、圖書館學、驗光和社會工作等。^[16]

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[註 1]
在英語中，專業一詞是對自由專業（英語：liberal profession）這個詞的截斷，後者源自法語相應詞彙 profession libérale。最初由英語使用者在 19 世紀借用，從 20 世紀後期開始被國際使用者重新借用，儘管該術語的（中上）階級色彩似乎無法在重新翻譯後倖存下來：「自由職業」是，根據歐盟關於承認專業資格的指令 (2005/36/EC)，「那些在相關專業資格的基礎上以個人、負責任和專業獨立的能力實踐的人，為利益提供智力和概念服務的人客戶和公眾」。

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[1]
What is a Profession. Australian Council of Professions 2003. [19 February 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2022-09-01）.
[2]
What is a Profession. Professional Standards Council. [9 August 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-26）.
[3]
New Statesman, 21 April 1917, article by Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb quoted with approval at paragraph 123 of a report by the UK Competition Commission, dated 8 November 1977, entitled Architects Services (in Chapter 7).
[4]
Popat, Nitin. Introduction to Accounting. [10 September 2016]. ISBN 9781329911642. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-16）.
[5]
Perks, R.W.(1993): Accounting and Society. Chapman & Hall (London); ISBN 0-412-47330-5. p.2.
[6]
John J Parker, "A Profession Not a Skilled Trade" (1955-1956) 8 South Carolina Law Quarterly 179 HeinOnline （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）; Sommerlad, Harris-Short, Vaughan and Young (eds), The Futures of Legal Education and the Legal Profession, Bloomsbury, 2015, p 147; Richard Colman, "Medicine is a profession not a trade" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, British Medical Journal, 7 October 2001; A M Linz, "A profession, not a trade" (December 1990) New York State Dental Journal 56(10):16 PubMed （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）; E. G. Eberle, "The practice of medicine held to be a profession and not a trade" (August 1939) 28 Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 482 Wiley （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）; Wendler, Tremml and Buecker (eds), Key Aspects of German Business Law: A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed, Springer, 2002, p 255; William F Ryan, "Methods of Achieving Professional Recognition" (1946) The American Engineer, vols 16-17, p 8 [1] [2].
[7]
(1961) 2 The Industrial and Labour Law Digest, 1926-1959, Annotated 668; Sharma and Goyal, Hospital Administration And Human Resource Management, 5th Ed, PHI Learning, p 445.
[8]
Fossum, John; Moore, Michael. The stability of longitudinal and cross-sectional occupational prestige rankings. Journal of Vocational Behavior. December 1975, 7 (3): 305–311 [2021-12-15]. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(75)90072-X. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-25） –透過Elsevier Science Direct.
[9]
Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design: How attitudes, orientations and underlying assumptions shape the built environment. Oslo School of Architecture and Design. ISBN 82-547-0174-1.
[10]
Alan Bullock & Stephen Trombley, The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, London: Harper-Collins, 1999, p.689.
[11]
Perks, R.W.(1993): Accounting and Society. Chapman & Hall (London); ISBN 0-412-47330-5. p.2.
[12]
Redmond, Edward. Washington as Public Land Surveyor. Library of Congress. [17 September 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-14）.
[13]
Boehm, Jay. Surveying. Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. March 1998 [17 September 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-15）.
[14]
Lincoln's New Salem 1830-1837. National Park Service. 10 April 2015 [17 September 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-18）.
[15]
Perks, p.3.
[16]
Buckley, J.W. & Buckley, M.H. (1974): The Accounting Profession. Melville, Los Angeles. Quoted by Perks, p.4.

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[1] [註 1]
在英語中，專業一詞是對自由專業（英語：liberal profession）這個詞的截斷，後者源自法語相應詞彙 profession libérale。最初由英語使用者在 19 世紀借用，從 20 世紀後期開始被國際使用者重新借用，儘管該術語的（中上）階級色彩似乎無法在重新翻譯後倖存下來：「自由職業」是，根據歐盟關於承認專業資格的指令 (2005/36/EC)，「那些在相關專業資格的基礎上以個人、負責任和專業獨立的能力實踐的人，為利益提供智力和概念服務的人客戶和公眾」。

[2] [1]
What is a Profession. Australian Council of Professions 2003. [19 February 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2022-09-01）.

[3] [2]
What is a Profession. Professional Standards Council. [9 August 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-26）.

[4] [3]
New Statesman, 21 April 1917, article by Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb quoted with approval at paragraph 123 of a report by the UK Competition Commission, dated 8 November 1977, entitled Architects Services (in Chapter 7).

[5] [4]
Popat, Nitin. Introduction to Accounting. [10 September 2016]. ISBN 9781329911642. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-16）.

[perks-p22-6] [5]
Perks, R.W.(1993): Accounting and Society. Chapman & Hall (London); ISBN 0-412-47330-5. p.2.

[7] [6]
John J Parker, "A Profession Not a Skilled Trade" (1955-1956) 8 South Carolina Law Quarterly 179 HeinOnline （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）; Sommerlad, Harris-Short, Vaughan and Young (eds), The Futures of Legal Education and the Legal Profession, Bloomsbury, 2015, p 147; Richard Colman, "Medicine is a profession not a trade" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, British Medical Journal, 7 October 2001; A M Linz, "A profession, not a trade" (December 1990) New York State Dental Journal 56(10):16 PubMed （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）; E. G. Eberle, "The practice of medicine held to be a profession and not a trade" (August 1939) 28 Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 482 Wiley （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）; Wendler, Tremml and Buecker (eds), Key Aspects of German Business Law: A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed, Springer, 2002, p 255; William F Ryan, "Methods of Achieving Professional Recognition" (1946) The American Engineer, vols 16-17, p 8 [1] [2].

[8] [7]
(1961) 2 The Industrial and Labour Law Digest, 1926-1959, Annotated 668; Sharma and Goyal, Hospital Administration And Human Resource Management, 5th Ed, PHI Learning, p 445.

[9] [8]
Fossum, John; Moore, Michael. The stability of longitudinal and cross-sectional occupational prestige rankings. Journal of Vocational Behavior. December 1975, 7 (3): 305–311 [2021-12-15]. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(75)90072-X. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-25） –透過Elsevier Science Direct.

[10] [9]
Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design: How attitudes, orientations and underlying assumptions shape the built environment. Oslo School of Architecture and Design. ISBN 82-547-0174-1.

[11] [10]
Alan Bullock & Stephen Trombley, The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, London: Harper-Collins, 1999, p.689.

[perks-p23-12] [11]
Perks, R.W.(1993): Accounting and Society. Chapman & Hall (London); ISBN 0-412-47330-5. p.2.

[13] [12]
Redmond, Edward. Washington as Public Land Surveyor. Library of Congress. [17 September 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-14）.

[14] [13]
Boehm, Jay. Surveying. Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. March 1998 [17 September 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-15）.

[15] [14]
Lincoln's New Salem 1830-1837. National Park Service. 10 April 2015 [17 September 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-18）.

[16] [15]
Perks, p.3.

[17] [16]
Buckley, J.W. & Buckley, M.H. (1974): The Accounting Profession. Melville, Los Angeles. Quoted by Perks, p.4.

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專業

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專業

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