氣候變化對水循環的影響(英語:Effects of climate change on the water cycle)很深遠,被描述會對水循環(也稱水文循環)產生「強化」(或是整體的「加強」)效果。[1]:1079這種現象至少從1980起就被觀察到。[1]:1079其中一例是加劇的強降水事件。這情況對淡水資源可用性,以及海洋、冰蓋、大氣和陸地表面等儲水的所在產生重要連鎖反應。水循環對地球上的生命非常重要,對氣候和洋流發揮重要作用。有多種原因讓地球變暖,導致水循環隨之發生變化。[2]例如較暖的大氣中含有更多的水氣,而會影響蒸發和降水。海洋可吸收93%來自太陽的熱量,也發揮重要的作用。自1971年以來海洋熱含量即在增加,對海洋本身和循環產生重大影響。[3]
氣候模型尚無法順利把水循環作模擬。[15]原因之一是降水量很難量化,它本質上是種間歇性發生的現象。[6]:50通常引用的僅為平均數量。[16]人們傾向於使用「降水」一詞,就好像它與「降水量」的意思相同。在描述地球降水模式的變化時,真正重要的並非僅為總量:還與強度(下雨,或是下雪的強度)、頻率(次數)、持續時間(時間長度)和類型(是雨,或是雪)有關[6]:50新西蘭氣候學家凱文·E.·川伯斯(英語:Kevin E. Trenberth)針對降水的特性做研究,發現極端事件的頻率和強度很重要,而這些在氣候模型中很難估算。[15]
全球氣候變化「會同時增加確保水安全的複雜度和成本」。[37]產生新的威脅和調適挑戰。[38]原因是氣候變化導致水文變率和極端事件增加。氣候變化對水循環造成許多影響,產生更多的氣候和水文變異性,而威脅到水安全。[39]:1[40]: vII 水循環變化威脅到現有和未來的水基礎設施。因為水循環的未來變率有太多不確定性,對規劃水利基礎設施的投資而言將更會有困難度,[38]而讓社會更易受到與水有關極端事件的影響,水安全因而被降低。[39]:vII
IPCC. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. 2013.
Arias, P.A., N. Bellouin, E. Coppola, R.G. Jones, G. Krinner, J. Marotzke, V. Naik, M.D. Palmer, G.-K. Plattner, J. Rogelj, M. Rojas, J. Sillmann, T. Storelvmo, P.W. Thorne, B. Trewin, K. Achuta Rao, B. Adhikary, R.P. Allan, K. Armour, G. Bala, R. Barimalala, S. Berger, J.G. Canadell, C. Cassou, A. Cherchi, W. Collins, W.D. Collins, S.L. Connors, S. Corti, F. Cruz, F.J. Dentener, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, A. Diongue Niang, F.J. Doblas-Reyes, A. Dosio, H. Douville, F. Engelbrecht, V. Eyring, E. Fischer, P. Forster, B. Fox-Kemper, J.S. Fuglestvedt, J.C. Fyfe, et al., 2021: Technical Summary (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 33−144. doi:10.1017/9781009157896.002.
Ward, Nicholas D.; Bianchi, Thomas S.; Medeiros, Patricia M.; Seidel, Michael; Richey, Jeffrey E.; Keil, Richard G.; Sawakuchi, Henrique O. Where Carbon Goes When Water Flows: Carbon Cycling across the Aquatic Continuum. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2017, 4. doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00007.
Trenberth, Kevin E.; Smith, Lesley; Qian, Taotao; Dai, Aiguo; Fasullo, John. Estimates of the Global Water Budget and Its Annual Cycle Using Observational and Model Data. Journal of Hydrometeorology. 2007-08-01, 8 (4): 758–769. Bibcode:2007JHyMe...8..758T. S2CID 26750545. doi:10.1175/jhm600.1.
Cheng, Lijing; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Gruber, Nicolas; Abraham, John P.; Fasullo, John T.; Li, Guancheng; Mann, Michael E.; Zhao, Xuanming; Zhu, Jiang. Improved Estimates of Changes in Upper Ocean Salinity and the Hydrological Cycle. Journal of Climate. 2020, 33 (23): 10357–10381. Bibcode:2020JCli...3310357C. doi:10.1175/jcli-d-20-0366.1.
Durack, Paul J.; Wijffels, Susan E. Fifty-Year Trends in Global Ocean Salinities and Their Relationship to Broad-Scale Warming. Journal of Climate. 2010-08-15, 23 (16): 4342–4362. Bibcode:2010JCli...23.4342D. doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3377.1.
Bindoff, N.L., W.W.L. Cheung, J.G. Kairo, J. Arístegui, V.A. Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, M.S. Karim, L. Levin, S. O'Donoghue, S.R. Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, and P. Williamson. Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities.. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In press. 2019.
Zika, Jan D; Skliris, Nikolaos; Blaker, Adam T; Marsh, Robert; Nurser, A J George; Josey, Simon A. Improved estimates of water cycle change from ocean salinity: the key role of ocean warming. Environmental Research Letters. 2018-07-01, 13 (7): 074036. Bibcode:2018ERL....13g4036Z. S2CID 158163343. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aace42.
Trenberth, Kevin E.; Smith, Lesley; Qian, Taotao; Dai, Aiguo; Fasullo, John. Estimates of the Global Water Budget and Its Annual Cycle Using Observational and Model Data. Journal of Hydrometeorology. 2007-08-01, 8 (4): 758–769. Bibcode:2007JHyMe...8..758T. S2CID 26750545. doi:10.1175/jhm600.1.
IPCC. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. 2013.
Trenberth, Kevin E.; Dai, Aiguo; van der Schrier, Gerard; Jones, Philip D.; Barichivich, Jonathan; Briffa, Keith R.; Sheffield, Justin. Global warming and changes in drought. Nature Climate Change. 2014, 4 (1): 17–22. Bibcode:2014NatCC...4...17T. doi:10.1038/nclimate2067.
Mukherjee, Sourav; Mishra, Ashok; Trenberth, Kevin E. Climate Change and Drought: a Perspective on Drought Indices. Current Climate Change Reports. 2018-04-23, 4 (2): 145–163. S2CID 134811844. doi:10.1007/s40641-018-0098-x.