耶穌被釘十字架（英語：Crucifixion of Jesus），耶穌被逮捕後以十字架處死的事件，一般認為發生在公元1世紀的猶太行省，最可能在公元30到33年之間。雖然歷史學家對這個事件的準確細節並沒有達成共識[1][2]，但這個事件在《聖經》中正統的《四福音》皆有描述，在《新約書信》中有提及，而且也被其他古代資料證實，除了基督徒的資料以外，並也被異教徒的史料證實，學者多數認為這是一個歷史事件[3]。
耶穌受洗和被釘十字架被認為是歷史中的耶穌的兩個確定歷史事件。[5]詹姆斯·鄧恩（James Dunn）說，「耶穌生平中的這兩個事實幾乎得到普遍認同」，「它是如此真實以至於無法否定或懷疑它的歷史性」，因此它們常常是研究歷史中的耶穌的出發點。[6]巴特·葉爾曼說，耶穌被彼拉多釘十字架是關於他生平的最確定元素。[7]約翰·克洛森說，耶穌被釘十字架是確定的歷史事實。[8]Eddy和Boyd說，現在我們「可以非常肯定」在歷史中非基督徒確認了耶穌被釘十字架的事件。[9]克雷格·布隆伯格（Craig Blomberg）說，大多數學者在第三次探索歷史中的耶穌時認為十字架事件是不可否認的。[10]克里斯托弗·塔克特（Christopher M. Tuckett）指出，儘管很難確定耶穌死亡的確切原因，但關於他的一個不爭事實是他被釘死在十字架上。[11]
雖然學者們同意耶穌被釘十字架的歷史性，但對它的原因和背景提出不同的理論。例如，E. P. Sanders和Paula Fredriksen都支持十字架的歷史性，但認為耶穌沒有預言他自己被釘十字架，他被釘十字架的預言是「教會創造」出來的（第126頁）。[12]Geza Vermes同樣也認為被釘十字架是一個歷史事件，但他提供了自己的解釋和歷史背景。[12]
約翰·梅爾（John P. Meier）認為耶穌被釘十字架是歷史事實，並指出，基於尷尬標準，基督徒不會「發明」自己「領袖的痛苦死亡」。[13]Meier說，許多其他標準，例如多重見證的標準（即，多於一個來源的確認）和一致性標準（即，它與其他歷史元素相符）有助於建立耶穌被釘十字架是一個歷史事件。[14]
雖然幾乎所有與十字架相關的古代資料都是文獻資料，但是1968年在耶路撒冷東北部的一次考古中發現了一具一世紀被釘十字架的屍體。這次發現很好地證實了在羅馬時代存在着釘十字架刑罰，它與福音書描述的耶穌被釘十字架的細節大致相符。[15]被釘十字架的人被確認為Yehohanan ben Hagkol，可能死於公元70年左右，大約在猶太人大起義的時期。哈達薩（Hadassah）醫學院的分析估計，他死於20多歲。另一個相關的考古發現（這次發現的物件也可追溯到公元1世紀左右）是耶路撒冷墓地一個不知名者的帶着釘子的腳跟骨，現在由以色列古物管理局保管，並在以色列博物館展出。[16]
雖然，人們有時在Yeshu和耶穌是否是同一個人的問題上有爭議，但許多歷史學家都同意，上述的2世紀段落可能是關於耶穌的。彼得·沙菲爾（Peter Schäfer）表示，毫無疑問，在塔木德中處決Yeshu的敘述指的是拿撒勒的耶穌。[62]Robert Van Voorst指出，可以肯定，在Sanhedrin 43a中指的是耶穌，這不僅可以從文獻本身看出來，而且可以從它的背景看出來[63]
牛津大學的Colin Humphreys和W. G. Waddington認為可能發生的是月食而不是日食。[125]他們得出結論，這樣的日食可從耶路撒冷看到，它持續30分鐘左右，並認為福音提到日食是一個文士錯誤地修訂文本的結果。歷史學家Historian David Henige否定了這個解釋，認為它是「站不住腳的」[126]，天文學家布萊德利·謝弗（radley Schaefer）指出，月食在白天時是看不見的。[127][128]
Christopher M. Tuckett in The Cambridge companion to Jesus edited by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 Cambridge Univ Press ISBN 978-0-521-79678-1pages 123–124；Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 ISBN 0-8054-4482-3pages 211–214
Eddy, Paul Rhodes and Gregory A. Boyd (2007). The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition. Baker Academic. p. 172. ISBN 0801031141. ...if there is any fact of Jesus' life that has been established by a broad consensus, it is the fact of Jesus' crucifixion.
Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research edited by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 ISBN 90-04-11142-5pages 455–457；The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 104–108； Evans, Craig A. (2001). Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative StudiesISBN 0-391-04118-5 page 316； Wansbrough, Henry (2004). Jesus and the oral Gospel traditionISBN 0-567-04090-9 page 185
Crossan, John Dominic (1995). Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography. HarperOne. p. 145. ISBN 0-06-061662-8. That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus ... agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact.
Eddy, Paul; Boyd, Gregory (2007). The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition Baker Academic, ISBN 0-8010-3114-1 page 127
John P. Meier "How do we decide what comes from Jesus" in The Historical Jesus in Recent Researchby James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight 2006 ISBN 1-57506-100-7 pages 126–128
John P. Meier "How do we decide what comes from Jesus" in The Historical Jesus in Recent Researchby James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight 2006 ISBN 1-57506-100-7 pages 132–136
Matthew 27:37 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） - "This is Jesus, the King of the Jews."; Mark 15:26 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） - "The King of the Jews.";Luke 23:38 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） - "This is the King of the Jews." Some manuscripts add in letters of Greek and Latin and Hebrew; John 19:19-22 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） - "Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews." "... it was written in Aramaic, in Latin, and in Greek."
Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Mark," p. 51–161 ISBN 978-0060629786
Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Matthew," p. 129–270 ISBN 978-0060629786
Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Luke," p. 267–364 ISBN 978-0060629786
Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "John" pp. 365–440 ISBN 978-0060629786
Evidence of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian by Ute Possekel 1999 ISBN 90-429-0759-2 pages 29–30；The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 110；Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research edited by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 ISBN 90-04-11142-5pages 455–457
Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research edited by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 ISBN 90-04-11142-5pages 455–457；Evidence of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian by Ute Possekel 1999 ISBN 90-429-0759-2 pages 29–30；Jesus outside the New Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence by Robert E. Van Voorst 2000 ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 pages 53–55
Evidence of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian by Ute Possekel 1999 ISBN 90-429-0759-2 pages 29–30； The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 110
Jesus outside the New Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence by Robert E. Van Voorst 2000 ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 pages 53–55；Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studiesby Craig A. Evans 2001 ISBN 978-0-391-04118-9 page 41
The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 104–108；Evans, Craig A. (2001). Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative StudiesISBN 0-391-04118-5 page 316；Wansbrough, Henry (2004). Jesus and the oral Gospel traditionISBN 0-567-04090-9 page 185
Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 0-8028-4368-9pages 39–42；Backgrounds of early Christianity by Everett Ferguson 2003 ISBN 0-8028-2221-5 page 116
Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 0-8028-4368-9pages 39–42；Jesus as a figure in history: how modern historians view the man from Galilee by Mark Allan Powell 1998 ISBN 0-664-25703-8 page 33； Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studiesby Craig A. Evans 2001 ISBN 0-391-04118-5 page 42； Ancient Rome by William E. Dunstan 2010 ISBN 0-7425-6833-4 page 293； Tacitus' characterization of "Christian abominations" may have been based on the rumors in Rome that during the Eucharist rituals Christians ate the body and drank the blood of their God, interpreting the symbolic ritual as cannibalism by Christians. References: Ancient Rome by William E. Dunstan 2010 ISBN 0-7425-6833-4 page 293 and An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity by Delbert Royce Burkett 2002 ISBN 0-521-00720-8 page 485； Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation by Helen K. Bond 2004 ISBN 0-521-61620-4 page xi
Jesus in the Talmud by Peter Schäfer (Aug 24, 2009) ISBN 0-691-14318-8 page 141 and 9； Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 pages 177–118
Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 pages 177–118
Paul L. Maier "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" in Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 ISBN 0-931464-50-1pages 113–129； The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 114； Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times by Paul Barnett 2002 ISBN 0-8308-2699-8 pages 19–21
Rainer Riesner, Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998), page 58. Josef Blinzler, Der Prozess Jesu (Pustet, 1960) cited in Colin J. Humphreys, The Mystery of the Last Supper: Reconstructing the Final Days of Jesus(Cambridge University Press, 2011) page 14.
Maier, P.L. (1968). "Sejanus, Pilate, and the Date of the Crucifixion". Church History. 37 (1): 3–13. JSTOR3163182 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）；Fotheringham, J.K. (1934). "The evidence of astronomy and technical chronology for the date of the crucifixion". Journal of Theological Studies.35: 146–162.
Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 Harmony of the Gospels ISBN 0-8054-9444-8 pages 323–323； Death of the Messiah, Volume 2 by Raymond E. Brown 1999 ISBN 0-385-49449-1 pages 959–960；Colin Humphreys, The Mystery of the Last SupperCambridge University Press 2011 ISBN 978-0-521-73200-0, pages 188–190
Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 Harmony of the Gospels ISBN 0-8054-9444-8 pages 323–323； New Testament History by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 ISBN 0-310-31201-9 pages 173–174； The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 538
Eucherius of Lyon. "Letter to the Presbyter Faustus"網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2008-06-13.. The three more frequented exit gates are one on the west, another on the east, and a third on the north. As you enter the city from the northern side, the first of the holy places due to the condition of the directions of the streets is to the church which is called the Martyrium, which was by Constantine with great reverence not long ago built up. Next, to the west one visits the connecting places Golgotha and the Anastasis; indeed the Anastasis is in the place of the resurrection, and Golgotha is in the middle between the Anastasis and the Martyrium, the place of the Lord's passion, in which still appears that rock which once endured the very cross on which the Lord was. These are however separated places outside of Mount Sion, where the failing rise of the place extended itself to the north.
For a discussion of the date of the work, seeInformation on Epistle of Barnabas （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） and Andrew C. Clark, "Apostleship: Evidence from the New Testament and Early Christian Literature,"Evangelical Review of Theology, 1989, Vol. 13, p. 380
"The Spirit saith to the heart of Moses, that he should make a type of the cross and of Him that was to suffer, that unless, saith He, they shall set their hope on Him, war shall be waged against them for ever. Moses therefore pileth arms one upon another in the midst of the encounter, and standing on higher ground than any he stretched out his hands, and so Israel was again victorious" (Epistle of Barnabas, 12:2-3).
David Anderson-Berry, 1871 The Seven Sayings of Christ on the Cross, Glasgow: Pickering & Inglis Publishers； Rev. John Edmunds, 1855 The seven sayings of Christ on the cross Thomas Hatchford Publishers, London, page 26； Arthur Pink, 2005 The Seven Sayings of the Saviour on the Cross Baker Books ISBN 0-8010-6573-9； Simon Peter Long, 1966 The wounded Word: A brief meditation on the seven sayings of Christ on the cross Baker Books；John Ross Macduff, 1857 The Words of Jesus New York: Thomas Stanford Publishers, page 76； Alexander Watson, 1847 The seven sayings on the Cross John Masters Publishers, London, page 5
"In the same hour, too, the light of day was withdrawn, when the sun at the very time was in his meridian blaze. Those who were not aware that this had been predicted about Christ, no doubt thought it an eclipse. You yourselves have the account of the world-portent still in your archives."
Colin J. Humphreys and W. G. Waddington, The Date of the Crucifixion Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 37 (March 1985)； （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Colin Humphreys, The Mystery of the Last SupperCambridge University Press 2011 ISBN 978-0-521-73200-0, p. 193 (However note that Humphreys places the Last Supper on a Wednesday)
Burton L. Mack, A Myth of Innocence: Mark and Christian Origins (Fortress Press, 1988) page 296; George Bradford Caird, The language and imagery of the Bible (Westminster Press, 1980), page 186; Joseph Fitzmyer, The Gospel According to Luke, X-XXIV (Doubleday, 1985) page 1513; William David Davies, Dale Allison, Matthew: Volume 3 (Continuum, 1997) page 623.
John Yueh-Han Yieh, One Teacher: Jesus' Teaching Role in Matthew's Gospel Report (Walter de Gruyter, 2005) page 65; Robert Walter Funk, The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus(Harper San Francisco, 1998) pages 129-270.
Jefferson Williams, Markus Schwab and A. Brauer (2012). An early first-century earthquake in the Dead Sea. International Geology Review.full article （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
William Stroud, 1847, Treatise on the Physical Death of Jesus Christ London: Hamilton and Adams； William Seymour, 2003, The Cross in Tradition, History and ArtISBN 0-7661-4527-1
The Search for the Physical Cause of Christ's Death BYU Studies網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2009-02-10.；The Physical Death Of Jesus Christ, Study by The Mayo Clinic網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2009-01-31. citing studies by Bucklin R (The legal and medical aspects of the trial and death of Christ. Sci Law 1970; 10:14–26), Mikulicz-Radeeki FV (The chest wound in the crucified Christ. Med News 1966; 14:30–40), Davis CT (The Crucifixion of Jesus: The passion of Christ from a medical point of view. Ariz Med 1965; 22:183-187), and Barbet P (A Doctor at Calvary: The Passion of Out Lord Jesus Christ as Described by a Surgeon, Earl of Wicklow (trans) Garden City, NY, Doubleday Image Books 1953, pp 12–18, 37–147, 159–175, 187–208).
Frederick Zugibe, 2005, The Crucifixion of Jesus: A Forensic Inquiry Evans Publishing, ISBN 1-59077-070-6； JW Hewitt, The Use of Nails in the CrucifixionHarvard Theological Review, 1932
Paul II, Pope John (1994). Catechism of the Catholic Church. Urbi Et Orbi Communications. p. 376. Online: https://books.google.com/books?id=tVJXcOVY2UgC； Schwarz, Hans (1996). True Faith in the True God: An Introduction to Luther's Life and Thought. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress. pp. 47–48. Online:https://books.google.com/books?id=l3rDtUQRdKAC （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Online: https://books.google.com/books?id=13QRjJjhEqkC 「In （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） the Cross is salvation; in the Cross is life; in the Cross is protection against our enemies; in the Cross is infusion of heavenly sweetness; in the Cross is strength of mind; in the Cross is joy of spirit; in the Cross is excellence of virtue; in the Cross is perfection of holiness. There is no salvation of soul, nor hope of eternal life, save in the Cross.」
he Christology of the New Testament by Oscar Cullmann 1959 ISBN 0-664-24351-7 page 79； The Johannine exegesis of God by Daniel Rathnakara Sadananda 2005 ISBN 3-11-018248-3 page 281
Johannine Christology and the Early Church by T. E. Pollard 2005 ISBN 0-521-01868-4 page 21； Studies in Early Christology by Martin Hengel 2004 ISBN 0-567-04280-4 page 371
New Testament christology by Frank J. Matera 1999 ISBN 0-664-25694-5 page 67； The speeches in Acts: their content, context, and concerns by Marion L. Soards 1994 ISBN 0-664-25221-4 page 34
Calvin's Christology by Stephen Edmondson 2004ISBN 0-521-54154-9 page 91； The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures byHughes Oliphant Old 2002 ISBN 0-8028-4775-7 page 125
Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (April 1980). "TOWARDS AN ISLAMIC CHRISTOLOGY II: THE DEATH OF JESUS, REALITY OR DELUSION (A Study of the Death of Jesus in Tafsir Literature)". The Muslim World. Hartford Seminary. 70 (2): 106. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1980.tb03405.x.
"Wherefore he did not himself suffer death, but Simon, a certain man of Cyrene, being compelled, bore the cross in his stead; so that this latter being transfigured by him, that he might be thought to be Jesus, was crucified, through ignorance and error, while Jesus himself received the form of Simon, and, standing by, laughed at them. For since he was an incorporeal power, and the Nous (mind) of the unborn father, he transfigured himself as he pleased, and thus ascended to him who had sent him, deriding them, inasmuch as he could not be laid hold of, and was invisible to all" (Irenaeus,Against Heresies, book I, ch. 24, 4 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
James Tissot: the Life of Christ by Judith F. Dolkart 2009 ISBN 1-85894-496-1 page 201； Rookmaaker, H. R. (1970). Modern Art and the Death of a Culture. Crossway Books. p. 73. ISBN 0-89107-799-5.
