Rc-o319病毒是嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症相關冠狀病毒(SARSr-CoV)的一個病毒株,在日本的角菊頭蝠中發現,於2020年11月發表,屬於SARS-CoV-2的演化支,全基因組核酸序列與SARS-CoV-2的相似度為81%,是該演化支中與SARS-CoV-2關係最遠的病毒株[1][2]。此病毒是與SARS-CoV-2相關的完整病毒株序列中,首個在中國以外發現者[2],也是首個在中國以外的亞洲國家發現的完整SARSr-CoV病毒株序列[3]。
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2013年,研究人員在日本岩手縣的一洞穴中捕獲四隻角菊頭蝠,初步分析其糞便樣本,發現其中含有乙型冠狀病毒屬病毒的RNA複製酶序列。2020年,研究人員完整定序了樣本中冠狀病毒的基因組,即為Rc-o319病毒[1]。
Rc-o319病毒在SARSr-CoV中屬於SARS-CoV-2的演化支,全基因組核酸序列與SARS-CoV-2的相似度約為81%,以全基因組序列、複製酶序列、刺突蛋白序列繪製的系統發生樹均顯示Rc-o319病毒位於該演化支的基部,是最早分支的病毒株[1][2]。
Rc-o319病毒的刺突蛋白中與宿主受體結合的受體結合結構域(receptor binding domain, RBD)有一段長9個胺基酸的缺失,為此病毒所特有,且SARS-CoV-2的RBD中與人類細胞受體血管緊張素轉化酶2(ACE2)結合所需的數個重要位點,Rc-o319大都與SARS-CoV-2對應不同胺基酸,顯示前者可能難以與人類的ACE2結合而造成感染。假性病毒實驗(pseudotyping)結果顯示Rc-o319病毒只能與角菊頭蝠的ACE2結合造成感染,無法結合人類、馬鐵菊頭蝠與中華菊頭蝠的ACE2,可能尚無法跨越物種障礙而感染其他物種[1]。
另外,有別於SARS-CoV與SARS-CoV-2除ACE2外,尚需跨膜絲氨酸蛋白酶2(TMPRSS2)切割病毒的刺突蛋白才能造成感染,Rc-o319病毒的感染則僅需ACE2,不需TMPRSS2[1]。
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