Walby, Sylvia. Theorising Patriarchy. Sociology. May 1989, 23 (2): 213–234 [2022-11-30]. JSTOR 42853921. S2CID 220676988. doi:10.1177/0038038589023002004. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16) –透過JSTOR. "I shall define patriarchy as a system of social structures, and practices in which men dominate, oppress and exploit women." "There are six main patriarchal structures which together constitute a system of patriarchy. These are: a patriarchal mode of production in which women's labour is expropriated by their husbands; patriarchal relations within waged labour; the patriarchal state; male violence; patriarchal relations in sexuality; and patriarchal culture."
Lerner, Gerda. The creation of patriarchy. New York: Oxford University Press. 1986: 238–239. ISBN 978-0-19-503996-2. OCLC 13323175. In its narrow meaning, patriarchy refers to the system, historically derived from Greek and Roman law, in which the male head of the household had absolute legal and economic power over his dependent female and male family members. "Patriarchy in its wider definition means the manifestation and institutionalization of male dominance over women and children in the family and the extension of male dominance over women in society in general."
Lockard, Craig. Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History 3rd. Stamford, Conn.: Cengage Learning. 2015: 88. ISBN 978-1-285-78312-3. Today, as in the past, men generally hold political, economic, and religious power in most societies thanks to patriarchy, a system whereby men largely control women and children, shape ideas about appropriate gender behavior, and generally dominate society.
Pateman, Carole. Naples, Nancy A. , 編. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies, Volume 5. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 1–3. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4051-9694-9. doi:10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss468. The heyday of the patriarchal structures analyzed in The Sexual Contract extended from the 1840s to the late 1970s [...] Nevertheless, men's government of women is one of the most deeply entrenched of all power structures|chapter=被忽略 (幫助)
Meagher, Michelle. Patriarchy. Ritzer, George; Ryan, J. Michael (編). The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology. John Wiley & Sons. 2011: 441–442. ISBN 978-1-4051-8353-6.
Hennessy, Rosemary. Patriarchy. Harrington, A.; Marshall, B.L.; Muller, H. (編). Encyclopedia of Social Theory. Routledge. 2012: 420–422. ISBN 978-1-13-678694-5.
Walby, Sylvia. Theorising Patriarchy. Sociology. May 1989, 23 (2): 213–234 [2022-11-30]. JSTOR 42853921. S2CID 220676988. doi:10.1177/0038038589023002004. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16) –透過JSTOR.
"I shall define patriarchy as a system of social structures, and practices in which men dominate, oppress and exploit women." "There are six main patriarchal structures which together constitute a system of patriarchy. These are: a patriarchal mode of production in which women's labour is expropriated by their husbands; patriarchal relations within waged labour; the patriarchal state; male violence; patriarchal relations in sexuality; and patriarchal culture."
Hughes, Sarah Shaver & Hughes Brady. Women in Ancient Civilizations. Adas, Michael (編). Agricultural and pastoral societies in ancient and classical history. Temple University Press. 2001: 118–119. ISBN 978-1-56639-832-9.
Alger, Ingela; Hooper, Paul L.; Cox, Donald; Stieglitz, Jonathan; Kaplan, Hillard S. Paternal provisioning results from ecological change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 117 no. 20. 2020-05-19: 10746–10754. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7245097. PMID 32358187. doi:10.1073/pnas.1917166117(英語).
Alger, Ingela; Hooper, Paul L.; Cox, Donald; Stieglitz, Jonathan; Kaplan, Hillard S. Paternal provisioning results from ecological change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 117 no. 20. 2020-05-19: 10746–10754. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7245097. PMID 32358187. doi:10.1073/pnas.1917166117(英語).
Bryson, Valerie. Feminism: Marxist. Kramarae, Cheris; Spender, Dale (編). Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge, Volume 2. New York. 2000: 791. ISBN 978-0-415-92088-9.
Ptahhotep, trans. John A. Wilson. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to The Old Testament. James B. Pritchard, ed. Princeton University Press, 1950. p. 412
Gao, Xiongya. Women Existing for Men: Confucianism and Social Injustice against Women in China. Race, Gender & Class. 2003, 10 (3): 114–125. JSTOR 41675091.
Waltner, Ann. Widows and Remarriage in Ming and Early Qing China. Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 1981, 8 (3): 129–146. JSTOR 41298764.
Gordon, Schochet. Patriarchy and Paternalism. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Charles Scribner's Sons. 2004. ISBN 978-0-684-31200-2.
Rosemarie, Tong; Botts, Tina Fernandes. Feminist thought : a more comprehensive introduction Fifth. New York. 2017-07-18. ISBN 978-0-8133-5070-7. OCLC 979993556.
Rosemarie, Tong; Botts, Tina Fernandes. Feminist thought : a more comprehensive introduction Fifth. New York. 2017-07-18. ISBN 978-0-8133-5070-7. OCLC 979993556.
David A. J. Richards. Resisting Injustice and the Feminist Ethics of Care in the Age of Obama: "Suddenly ... All the Truth Was Coming Out". Routledge Research in American Politics and Governance. 2014-02-05: 143 [2015-02-11]. ISBN 978-1-135-09970-1. Feminism, as I understand it, arises in resistance to the gender binary enforced by the patriarchy, an injustice that is as harmful to men as it is to women, as we can see in the long history of unjust wars, rationalized by patriarchy, in which men have fought and been killed and injured and traumatized.
Tickner, Ann J. Patriarchy. Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy: Entries P-Z. Taylor & Francis. 2001: 1197–1198. ISBN 978-0-415-24352-0.
Chigbu, Uchendu Eugene. Repositioning culture for development: women and development in a Nigerian rural community. Community, Work & Family. 2015, 18 (3): 334–350. S2CID 144448501. doi:10.1080/13668803.2014.981506.
hooks, bell. Understanding patriarchy. The will to change: men, masculinity, and love. Washington Square Press. 2004: 17–25. ISBN 978-0-7434-8033-8. Patriarchy is a political-social system that insists that males are inherently dominating, superior to everything and everyone deemed weak, especially females, and endowed with the right to dominate and rule over the weak and to maintain that dominance through various forms of psychological terrorism and violence.
hooks, bell. Understanding patriarchy. The will to change: men, masculinity, and love. Washington Square Press. 2004: 17–25. ISBN 978-0-7434-8033-8. Patriarchy is a political-social system that insists that males are inherently dominating, superior to everything and everyone deemed weak, especially females, and endowed with the right to dominate and rule over the weak and to maintain that dominance through various forms of psychological terrorism and violence.
Schlegel, Alice. Male dominance and female autonomy: domestic authority in matrilineal societies. New Haven, Connecticut: HRAF Press. 1972. ISBN 978-0-87536-328-8.
Sannen, Adinda; Heistermann, Michael; Elsacker, Linda Van; Möhle, Ulrike; Eens, Marcel. Urinary Testosterone Metabolite Levels in Bonobos: A Comparison with Chimpanzees in Relation to Social System. Behaviour. 2003, 140 (5): 683–696. JSTOR 4536052. doi:10.1163/156853903322149504.
Sannen, Adinda; Heistermann, Michael; Elsacker, Linda Van; Möhle, Ulrike; Eens, Marcel. Urinary Testosterone Metabolite Levels in Bonobos: A Comparison with Chimpanzees in Relation to Social System. Behaviour. 2003, 140 (5): 683–696. JSTOR 4536052. doi:10.1163/156853903322149504.
Butovskaya M, Burkova V, Karelin D, Fink B. Digit ratio (2D:4D), aggression, and dominance in the Hadza and the Datoga of Tanzania. American Journal of Human Biology. 2015-10-01, 27 (5): 620–27. PMID 25824265. S2CID 205303673. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22718.
Dixson, Barnaby J.; Vasey, Paul L. Beards augment perceptions of men's age, social status, and aggressiveness, but not attractiveness. Behavioral Ecology. May 2012, 23 (3): 481–490. doi:10.1093/beheco/arr214.
Puts, David A.; Hill, Alexander K.; Bailey, Drew H.; Walker, Robert S.; Rendall, Drew; Wheatley, John R.; Welling, Lisa L. M.; Dawood, Khytam; Cárdenas, Rodrigo; Burriss, Robert P.; Jablonski, Nina G.; Shriver, Mark D.; Weiss, Daniel; Lameira, Adriano R.; Apicella, Coren L.; Owren, Michael J.; Barelli, Claudia; Glenn, Mary E.; Ramos-Fernandez, Gabriel. Sexual selection on male vocal fundamental frequency in humans and other anthropoids. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Apr 2016, 283 (1829): 20152830. PMC 4855375. PMID 27122553. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.2830.
Eamonn Carrabine; Paul Iganski; Maggy Lee. Criminology: A Sociological Introduction. Psychology Press. 2004: 88. ISBN 978-0-415-28167-6. Statistics repeatedly show that many more men than women commit crimes. Indeed, as Richard Collier notes, 'most crimes would remain unimaginable without the presence of men (Collier, 1998; see also Jefferson, 2002).
Dalton, Penelope. Complex family relations. Family and other relations: a thesis examining the extent to which family relationships shape the relations of art (PhD論文). University of Plymouth. 2008. hdl:10026.1/758.
Dalton, Pen. Theoretical perspectives(PDF). The gendering of art education: modernism, identity, and critical feminism. Buckingham England Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Open University. 2001: 9–32 [2022-11-30]. ISBN 978-0-335-19649-4. (原始內容存檔(PDF)於2016-02-03).
Messner, Michael A. On patriarchs and losers: rethinking men's interests. Berkeley Journal of Sociology. 2004, 48: 74–88. JSTOR 41035593.Pdf. (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
Mies, Maria. Patriarchy and accumulation on a world scale: women in the international division of labour. London: Zed Books Ltd. 2014. ISBN 978-1-78360-169-1.