早期伊斯蘭西蘇丹國（今西非），包括加納（750–1076）、馬里（1235–1645）、塞古（1712–1861）和桑海（1275–1591），約有三分之一的人口被奴役。[83]西非馬里的黑人思想家艾哈邁德·巴巴·通布圖（Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti）在1615年批評奴隸主義。[96]
Farazmand, Ali (1998) 「Persian/Iranian Administrative Tradition」, in Jay M. Shafritz (Editor), International Encyclopedia of Public Policy and Administration. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 1640–1645 – Excerpt: "Persians never practiced mass slavery, and in many cases the situations and lives of semi-slaves (prisoners of war) were in fact better than the common citizens of Persia." (pg 1642)
Mesopotamia: The Code of Hammurabi. [2014-08-28]. （原始內容存檔於2011-05-14）. e. g. Prologue, "the shepherd of the oppressed and of the slaves". Code of Laws #7, "If any one buy from the son or the slave of another man".
Tzvetan TODOROV: « Tous les matins du monde. » article publié initialement dans le magazine Télérama/BNF, février 2006. 該雜誌文章綜述了茨維坦·托多洛夫2006年著作《啟蒙精神》最後一章的內容，後來由法國外交部編譯為中文：茨維坦·托多洛夫. 世界的一天的早晨(PDF). Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs, France. [2021-03-05]. （原始內容存檔(PDF)於2021-12-13）.
Baepler, B. "White Slaves, African Masters 1st Edition." White Slaves, African Masters 1st Edition by Baepler. University of Chicago Press, n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2013. Page 5
Bales, Kevin, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy (1999)
Campbell, Gwyn, Suzanne Miers, and Joseph C. Miller, eds. Women and Slavery. Volume 1: Africa, the Indian Ocean World, and the Medieval Atlantic; Women and Slavery. Volume 2: The Modern Atlantic (2007)
Davis, David Brion. The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (1999)
Davis, David Brion. The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (1988)
Drescher, Seymour. Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery (2009) highly regarded history of slavery and its abolition, worldwide
Finkelman, Paul, ed. Encyclopedia of Slavery (1999)
Gordon, M. Slavery in the Arab World (1989)
Greene, Jacqueline. Slavery in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, (2001), ISBN 978-0-531-16538-6
Joseph, Celucien L. Race, Religion, and The Haitian Revolution: Essays on Faith, Freedom, and Decolonization (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012)
Joseph, Celucien L. From Toussaint to Price-Mars: Rhetoric, Race, and Religion in Haitian Thought (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013)
Miers, Suzanne, and Igor Kopytoff, eds. Slavery In Africa: Historical & Anthropological Perspectives (1979)
Morgan, Kenneth. Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America (2008)
Postma, Johannes. The Atlantic Slave Trade, (2003)
Rodriguez, Junius P., ed., The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery (1997)
Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia (2007)
Shell, Robert Carl-HeinzChildren Of Bondage: A Social History Of The Slave Society At The Cape Of Good Hope, 1652–1813 (1994)
Westermann, William Linn The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity (1955), ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1
Uncited sources
Hogendorn, Jan and Johnson Marion: The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. African Studies Series 49, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986.
The Slavery Reader, ed. by Rigas Doganis, Gad Heuman, James Walvin, Routledge 2003
United States
Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (1999), most important recent survey
Blackmon, Douglas A. Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II Doubleday (March 23, 2008), ISBN 978-0-385-50625-0ISBN 978-0-385-50625-0
Boles, John. Black Southerners: 1619–1869 (1983) brief survey
Phillips, Ulrich B.American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime (1918; paperback reprint 1966), southern white perspective
Phillips, Ulrich B. Life and Labor in the Old South (1929)
Sellers, James B. Slavery in Alabama (1950).
Sydnor, Charles S. Slavery in Mississippi (1933)
Stamp, Kenneth M. The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South (1956), a rebuttal of U B Philipps
Weinstein, Allen, Frank O. Gatell, and Lewis Sarasohn, eds., American Negro Slavery: A Modern Reader, third ed. (1978)
Slavery in the modern era
Jesse Sage and Liora Kasten, Enslaved: True Stories of Modern Day Slavery, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008 ISBN 978-1-4039-7493-8
Tom Brass, Marcel van der Linden, and Jan Lucassen, Free and Unfree Labour. Amsterdam: International Institute for Social History, 1993
Tom Brass, Towards a Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour: Case Studies and Debates, London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass Publishers, 1999. 400 pages.
Tom Brass and Marcel van der Linden, eds., Free and Unfree Labour: The Debate Continues, Bern: Peter Lang AG, 1997. 600 pages. A volume containing contributions by all the most important writers on modern forms of unfree labour.
Kevin Bales (ed.), Understanding Global Slavery Today. A Reader, University of California Press 2005, ISBN 978-0-520-24507-5freak
Kevin Bales, Ending Slavery: How We Free Today's Slaves, University of California Press 2007, ISBN 978-0-520-25470-1.
Mende Nazer and Damien Lewis, Slave: My True Story, ISBN 978-1-58648-212-1. Mende is a Nuba, captured at 12 years old. She was granted political asylum by the British government in 2003.
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