在1908年夏季,勛伯格的妻子瑪蒂爾德離開他數月,與一位年輕的奧地利畫家里夏德·格斯特爾(英語:Richard Gerstl)(後來在瑪蒂爾德回到婚姻後於同年11月自殺)發生了關係。這一時期標誌着勛伯格作品的明顯變化。在妻子離開期間,他創作了《你靠在一棵銀柳樹上》(德語:Du lehnest wider eine Silberweide),這是他改編自德國神秘主義詩人施特凡·格奧爾格同名詩集的套曲《懸園之書(英語:The Book of the Hanging Gardens)》(德語:Das Buch der hängenden Gärten,作品15)中的第13首。這是他的第一首完全沒有調參照的作品。[10]
第一次世界大戰給他的發展帶來了危機。當他42歲時,兵役打亂了他的生活。他無法持續、不受打擾地工作,結果留下了許多未完成的作品和未發展的「開端」。有一次,一位上級軍官問他是否「就是臭名昭著的勛伯格」,勛伯格回答說:「報告,先生,是的。沒有人想要成為他,有人必須成為他,所以我成了他。」[12]據諾曼·萊布雷希特說,這是指勛伯格作為「不和諧的解放(英語:Emancipation of the dissonance)者」的明顯「命運」。[13]
當代作曲家與公眾之間關係的惡化導致他在1918年在維也納成立了私人音樂演出協會(德語:Verein für musikalische Privataufführungen)。他試圖提供一個論壇,以便現代音樂作品能夠經過精心準備和排練,並在受到時尚和商業壓力影響的條件下仍得到適當的演出。從成立到1921年因經濟原因結束為止,該協會向付費會員呈現了353場演出,有時每周一場。在最初的一年半中,勛伯格沒有讓自己的任何作品被演出。[15]協會音樂會的聽眾而是聽到了斯克里亞賓、德彪西、馬勒、韋伯恩、貝爾格、雷格等20世紀音樂早期的重要人物的複雜當代作品。[16]
開發十二音技法
後來,勛伯格發展出最有影響力的十二音作曲方法,該方法在法語和英語中被勒內·萊博維茨(英語:René Leibowitz)和漢弗萊·瑟爾(英語:Humphrey Searle)於1947年被稱為序列音樂。這種技術被他的許多學生採用,他們構成了所謂的第二維也納樂派學派。他們包括安東·韋伯恩、阿爾班·貝爾格和漢斯·艾斯勒,他們都受到勛伯格的深刻影響。他出版了多本書,從他著名的《和聲學》到《音樂作曲基礎》(英語: Fundamentals of Musical Composition)等[17],其中許多仍在印刷並被音樂家和新作曲家使用。
在這一最後時期,他創作了幾部重要的作品,包括小提琴協奏曲(作品36號,1934/36年)、為合唱和管弦樂團而作的《誓約》(Kol Nidre,作品39號,1938年)、《拿破崙·波拿巴頌》(Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte,作品41號,1942年)、鋼琴協奏曲(英語:Piano Concerto (Schoenberg))(作品42號,1942年),以及獻給大屠殺受害者的紀念作品《華沙倖存者(英語:A Survivor from Warsaw)》(作品46號,1947年)。他未能完成自己的歌劇《摩西與亞倫》(1932/33年),該作品是最早完全採用十二音技法創作的歌劇之一。除了十二音音樂,勛伯格在最後一個時期還回歸了調性,創作了G大調弦樂組曲(1935年)、降E小調第2號室內交響曲(英語:Chamber Symphony No. 2 (Schoenberg))(作品38號,始於1906年,於1939年完成)、D小調宣敘調變奏曲(作品40號,1941年)。在這個時期,他的著名學生包括約翰·凱奇和盧·哈里森。
在1920年代初,勛伯格致力於發展一種能夠使音樂織體更簡單、更清晰的秩序方式。這導致了「以只與彼此相關的十二個音符進行作曲的方法」[48],其中八度音階內的十二個音高(在作曲中並未實現)被視為相等,沒有任何一個音符或音調被賦予古典和聲中所占據的重要性。他認為這一理論的重要性等同於物理中阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦的相對論的地位。勛伯格在與朋友約瑟夫·魯費爾(英語:Josef Rufer)散步時以他典型的方式宣布了這一發現,當時他說:「我已經做出了一個發現,它將確保德國音樂在未來一百年中仍占主導地位。」[49]這個時期的作品包括《為樂團而作的變奏曲》(作品31號,1928年);伴奏音樂《電影場景配樂(英語:Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene)》(作品34,1930年);《鋼琴作品》(作品Op. 33a/b號,1931年)以及鋼琴協奏曲(作品42號,1942年)。人們普遍認為勛伯格作曲方法嚴謹,但他對這種技巧的使用因每個獨立作品的要求而各不相同。因此,他未完成的歌劇《摩西與亞倫》的結構與他的《為小提琴與鋼琴而作的幻想曲》(作品47號,1949年)不同。
「《政治、宗教和文化利益周刊》(德語:Wochenschrift für politische, religiöse und Cultur-Interessen)刊登了通告《來自布拉格的保琳·納霍德小姐與來自普雷斯堡的塞繆爾·勛伯格的婚禮》。這些信息與宗教社區發布的公告不符:1872年3月17日,12時30分,塞繆爾·勛伯格,來自塞切尼的商人,亞伯拉罕先生和特麗西婭女士的兒子,出生於1838年9月15日,住址為塔博爾街4號;保琳·納霍德,來自普雷斯堡,約瑟夫先生和卡羅琳娜女士的女兒,出生於1843年3月8日,住址為塔博爾街4號。宣布姻緣並代表出席的是普雷斯堡的代表,日期是1872年3月2日。」
Brown, Kellie D. The sound of hope: Music as solace, resistance and salvation during the holocaust and world war II. McFarland. 2020: 16. ISBN 978-1-4766-7056-0.
Auner, Joseph H. 1999. "Schoenberg and His Public in 1930: The Six Pieces For Male Chorus, Op. 35". In Schoenberg and His World, edited by Walter Frisch, 85–125. Bard Music Festival Series. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN978-0-691-04860-4 (cloth); ISBN978-0-691-04861-1 (pbk).
Cook, Nicholas. 1998. Music: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-285340-0
Crawford, Dorothy L. 2009. A Windfall of Musicians: Hitler's Émigrés and Exiles in Southern California. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-15548-8
Earle, Ben. 2003. "Taste, Power and Trying to Understand Op. 36: British Attempts to Popularize Schoenberg". Music & Letters 84, no. 4: 608–43.
Feisst, Sabine. 2011. Schoenberg's New World: The American Years. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-537238-0
Leeuw, Ton de. 2005. Music of the Twentieth Century: A Study of Its Elements and Structure, translated from the Dutch by Stephen Taylor. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN978-90-5356-765-4 Translation of Muziek van de twintigste eeuw: een onderzoek naar haar elementen en structuur. Utrecht: Oosthoek's Uitgevers Mij. N.V., 1964. Third impression, Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, 1977. ISBN978-90-313-0244-4
Lewis, Uncle Dave. n.d. "Review ofRheinland-Pfalz Staatsphilharmonie, Frank Strobel: Max Deutsch: Der Schatz". AllMusic Review. allmusic.com. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
McCoy, Marilyn. 1999. "A Schoenberg Chronology". In Schoenberg and His World, edited by Walter Frisch, 1–15. Bard Music Festival Series. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN978-0-691-04860-4 (cloth); ISBN978-0-691-04861-1 (pbk).
MacDonald, Malcolm. 2008. Schoenberg, second, revised edition. The Master Musicians Series. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-517201-0; ISBN978-0-19-803840-5
Marcus, Kenneth H. 2016. Schoenberg and Hollywood Modernism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-1-107-06499-7
Marquis Who's Who. n.d. (Who Was Who in America, Volume III {1951–1960}). (accessed 4 October 2012).[需要完整來源]
Schoenberg, Arnold. 1964. Arnold Schoenberg Letters, selected and edited by Erwin Stein, translated from the original German by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. London: Faber. Paperback reprint, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. ISBN978-0-520-06009-8
Schoenberg, Arnold. 1967. Fundamentals of Musical Composition. Edited by Gerald Strang, with an introduction by Leonard Stein. New York: St. Martin's Press. Reprinted 1985, London: Faber and Faber. ISBN978-0-571-09276-5
Schoenberg, Arnold. 1975. Style and Idea: Selected Writings of Arnold Schoenberg. Edited by Leonard Stein, with translations by Leo Black. New York: St. Martins Press; London: Faber & Faber. ISBN978-0-520-05294-9 Expanded from the 1950 Philosophical Library (New York) publication edited by Dika Newlin. The volume carries the note "Several of the essays ... were originally written in German (translated by Dika Newlin)" in both editions.
Schoenberg, Arnold. 1984. Style and Idea: Selected Writings, translated by Leo Black. Berkeley: California University Press.
Schoenberg, E. Randol. 2018. Doctor Faustus Dossier, The: Arnold Schoenberg, Thomas Mann and Their Contemporaries, 1930–1951. ISBN978-0-520-29683-1 University of California Press.
Shoaf, R. Wayne. 1992. "Satellite Collections in the Archive of the Arnold Schoenberg Institute". Journal of the Arnold Schoenberg Institute 15, no. 1 (June): 9–110.
Silverman, Kenneth. 2010. Begin Again: A Biography of John Cage. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Toronto: Random House. ISBN978-1-4000-4437-5 Reprinted, Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2012.
Nicolas Slonimsky, Nicolas, Laura Kuhn, and Dennis McIntire. 2001. "Schoenberg (originally, Schönberg), Arnold (Franz Walter)." Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, eighth edition, edited by Nicolas Slonimsky and Laura Kuhn. Six volumes. New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN978-0-02-865571-0
Small, Christopher. 1977. Schoenberg. Novello Short Biographies. Sevenoaks, Kent: Novello.
Stein, Erwin (ed.). 1987. Arnold Schoenberg: Letters, translated by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-06009-8 (Reprint of Schoenberg (1964).)
Stuckenschmidt, Hans Heinz. 1977. Schoenberg: His Life, World and Work, translated from the German by Humphrey Searle. New York: Schirmer Books.
Taruskin, Richard. The poietic fallacy. The Musical Times. Spring 2004, 145 (1886): 7–34. JSTOR 4149092. doi:10.2307/4149092. (Reissued in The Danger of Music and Other Anti-Utopian Essays. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2007, pp. 301–329. ISBN978-0-520-94279-0).
Anon. 1997–2013. "'Degenerate' Music (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)". In A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. The Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida (accessed 16 June 2014).
Auner, Joseph. 1993. A Schoenberg Reader. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-09540-1
Bailey, Walter B. "For the serious listeners who swear neither at nor by Schoenberg": Music Criticism, the Great War, and the Dawning of a New Attitude Toward Schoenberg and Ultra-Modern Music in New York City. The Journal of Musicology. Spring 2015, 32 (2): 279–322. JSTOR 10.1525/jm.2015.32.2.279. doi:10.1525/jm.2015.32.2.279.
Berry, Mark. 2019. Arnold Schoenberg. London: Reaktion Books.
Boulez, Pierre. 1991. "Schoenberg is Dead" (1952). In his Stocktakings from an Apprenticeship, collected and presented by Paule Thévenin, translated by Stephen Walsh, with an introduction by Robert Piencikowski, 209–14. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-311210-0
Brand, Julianne, Christopher Hailey, and Donald Harris (editors). 1987. The Berg-Schoenberg Correspondence: Selected Letters. New York, London: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN978-0-393-01919-3
Buhle, Paul, and David Wagner. 2002. Radical Hollywood: The Untold Story Behind America's Favorite Movies. New York: The New Press. ISBN978-1-56584-819-1
Cohen, Mitchell, "A Dissonant Schoenberg in Berlin and Paris," "Jewish Review of Books," April 2016.
da Costa Meyer, Esther. 2003. "Schoenberg's Echo: The Composer as Painter". In Schoenberg, Kandinsky, and the Blue Rider, edited by Fred Wasserman and Esther da Costa Meyer, foreword by Joan Rosenbaum, preface by Christian Meyer. London and New York: Scala. ISBN978-1-85759-312-9
Everdell, William R. 1998 The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Eybl, Martin. 2004. Die Befreiung des Augenblicks: Schönbergs Skandalkonzerte von 1907 und 1908: eine Dokumentation. Wiener Veröffentlichungen zur Musikgeschichte 4. Vienna, Cologne, Weimar: Böhlau. ISBN978-3-205-77103-6
Frisch, Walter (ed.). 1999. Schoenberg and His World. Bard Music Festival Series. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN978-0-691-04860-4 (cloth); ISBN978-0-691-04861-1 (pbk).
Greissle-Schönberg, Arnold, and Nancy Bogen. [n.d.] Arnold Schönberg's European Family (e-book). The Lark Ascending, Inc. (accessed 2 May 2010)
Hyde, Martha M. 1982. Schoenberg's Twelve-Tone Harmony: The Suite Op. 29 and the Compositional Sketches. Studies in Musicology, series edited by George Buelow. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN978-0-8357-1512-6
Kandinsky, Wassily. 2000. "Arnold Schönberg als Maler/Arnold Schönberg as Painter". Journal of the Arnold Schönberg Center, no. 1:131–76.
Petropoulos, Jonathan. 2014. Artists Under Hitler. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-19747-1
Ringer, Alexander. 1990. "Arnold Schoenberg: The Composer as Jew". Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-315466-7
Rollet, Philippe (ed.). 2010. Arnold Schönberg: Visions et regards, with a preface by Frédéric Chambert and Alain Mousseigne. Montreuil-sous-Bois: Liénart. ISBN978-2-35906-028-7
Schoenberg, Arnold. 1922. Harmonielehre, third edition. Vienna: Universal Edition. (Originally published 1911). Translation by Roy E. Carter, based on the third edition, as Theory of Harmony. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978. ISBN978-0-520-04945-1
Schoenberg, Arnold. 1959. Structural Functions of Harmony. Translated by Leonard Stein. London: Williams and Norgate; Revised edition, New York, London: W. W. Norton 1969. ISBN978-0-393-00478-6
Shawn, Allen. 2002. Arnold Schoenberg's Journey. New York: Farrar Straus and Giroux. ISBN978-0-374-10590-7
Stegemann, Benedikt. 2013. Theory of Tonality: Theoretical Studies. Wilhelmshaven: Noetzel. ISBN978-3-7959-0963-5
Weiss, Adolph. 1932. "The Lyceum of Schonberg", Modern Music 9, no. 3 (March–April): 99–107.
Wright, James K. 2007. Schoenberg, Wittgenstein, and the Vienna Circle. Bern: Verlag Peter Lang. ISBN978-3-03911-287-6
Wright, James and Alan Gillmor (eds.). 2009. Schoenberg's Chamber Music, Schoenberg's World. New York: Pendragon Press. ISBN978-1-57647-130-2