耶稣被钉十字架（英语：Crucifixion of Jesus），耶稣被逮捕后以十字架处死的事件，一般认为发生在公元1世纪的犹太行省，最可能在公元30到33年之间。虽然历史学家对这个事件的准确细节并没有达成共识[1][2]，但这个事件在《圣经》中正统的《四福音》皆有描述，在《新约书信》中有提及，而且也被其他古代资料证实，除了基督徒的资料以外，并也被异教徒的史料证实，学者多数认为这是一个历史事件[3]。
耶稣受洗和被钉十字架被认为是历史中的耶稣的两个确定历史事件。[5]詹姆斯·邓恩（James Dunn）说，“耶稣生平中的这两个事实几乎得到普遍认同”，“它是如此真实以至于无法否定或怀疑它的历史性”，因此它们常常是研究历史中的耶稣的出发点。[6]巴特·叶尔曼说，耶稣被彼拉多钉十字架是关于他生平的最确定元素。[7]约翰·克洛森说，耶稣被钉十字架是确定的历史事实。[8]Eddy和Boyd说，现在我们“可以非常肯定”在历史中非基督徒确认了耶稣被钉十字架的事件。[9]克雷格·布隆伯格（Craig Blomberg）说，大多数学者在第三次探索历史中的耶稣时认为十字架事件是不可否认的。[10]克里斯托弗·塔克特（Christopher M. Tuckett）指出，尽管很难确定耶稣死亡的确切原因，但关于他的一个不争事实是他被钉死在十字架上。[11]
虽然学者们同意耶稣被钉十字架的历史性，但对它的原因和背景提出不同的理论。例如，E. P. Sanders和Paula Fredriksen都支持十字架的历史性，但认为耶稣没有预言他自己被钉十字架，他被钉十字架的预言是“教会创造”出来的（第126页）。[12]Geza Vermes同样也认为被钉十字架是一个历史事件，但他提供了自己的解释和历史背景。[12]
约翰·梅尔（John P. Meier）认为耶稣被钉十字架是历史事实，并指出，基于尴尬标准，基督徒不会“发明”自己“领袖的痛苦死亡”。[13]Meier说，许多其他标准，例如多重见证的标准（即，多于一个来源的确认）和一致性标准（即，它与其他历史元素相符）有助于建立耶稣被钉十字架是一个历史事件。[14]
虽然几乎所有与十字架相关的古代资料都是文献资料，但是1968年在耶路撒冷东北部的一次考古中发现了一具一世纪被钉十字架的尸体。这次发现很好地证实了在罗马时代存在着钉十字架刑罚，它与福音书描述的耶稣被钉十字架的细节大致相符。[15]被钉十字架的人被确认为Yehohanan ben Hagkol，可能死于公元70年左右，大约在犹太人大起义的时期。哈达萨（Hadassah）医学院的分析估计，他死于20多岁。另一个相关的考古发现（这次发现的物件也可追溯到公元1世纪左右）是耶路撒冷墓地一个不知名者的带着钉子的脚跟骨，现在由以色列古物管理局保管，并在以色列博物馆展出。[16]
虽然，人们有时在Yeshu和耶稣是否是同一个人的问题上有争议，但许多历史学家都同意，上述的2世纪段落可能是关于耶稣的。彼得·沙菲尔（Peter Schäfer）表示，毫无疑问，在塔木德中处决Yeshu的叙述指的是拿撒勒的耶稣。[62]Robert Van Voorst指出，可以肯定，在Sanhedrin 43a中指的是耶稣，这不仅可以从文献本身看出来，而且可以从它的背景看出来[63]
牛津大学的Colin Humphreys和W. G. Waddington认为可能发生的是月食而不是日食。[125]他们得出结论，这样的日食可从耶路撒冷看到，它持续30分钟左右，并认为福音提到日食是一个文士错误地修订文本的结果。历史学家Historian David Henige否定了这个解释，认为它是“站不住脚的”[126]，天文学家布莱德利·谢弗（radley Schaefer）指出，月食在白天时是看不见的。[127][128]
Christopher M. Tuckett in The Cambridge companion to Jesus edited by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 Cambridge Univ Press ISBN 978-0-521-79678-1pages 123–124；Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 ISBN 0-8054-4482-3pages 211–214
Eddy, Paul Rhodes and Gregory A. Boyd (2007). The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition. Baker Academic. p. 172. ISBN 0801031141. ...if there is any fact of Jesus' life that has been established by a broad consensus, it is the fact of Jesus' crucifixion.
Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research edited by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 ISBN 90-04-11142-5pages 455–457；The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 104–108； Evans, Craig A. (2001). Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative StudiesISBN 0-391-04118-5 page 316； Wansbrough, Henry (2004). Jesus and the oral Gospel traditionISBN 0-567-04090-9 page 185
Crossan, John Dominic (1995). Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography. HarperOne. p. 145. ISBN 0-06-061662-8. That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus ... agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact.
Eddy, Paul; Boyd, Gregory (2007). The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition Baker Academic, ISBN 0-8010-3114-1 page 127
A Century of Theological and Religious Studies in Britain, 1902–2007 by Ernest Nicholson2004 ISBN 0-19-726305-4 pages 125–126 Link 126 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
John P. Meier "How do we decide what comes from Jesus" in The Historical Jesus in Recent Researchby James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight 2006 ISBN 1-57506-100-7 pages 126–128
John P. Meier "How do we decide what comes from Jesus" in The Historical Jesus in Recent Researchby James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight 2006 ISBN 1-57506-100-7 pages 132–136
Matthew 27:37 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - "This is Jesus, the King of the Jews."; Mark 15:26 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - "The King of the Jews.";Luke 23:38 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - "This is the King of the Jews." Some manuscripts add in letters of Greek and Latin and Hebrew; John 19:19-22 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - "Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews." "... it was written in Aramaic, in Latin, and in Greek."
Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Mark," p. 51–161 ISBN 978-0060629786
Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Matthew," p. 129–270 ISBN 978-0060629786
Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Luke," p. 267–364 ISBN 978-0060629786
Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "John" pp. 365–440 ISBN 978-0060629786
Evidence of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian by Ute Possekel 1999 ISBN 90-429-0759-2 pages 29–30；The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 110；Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research edited by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 ISBN 90-04-11142-5pages 455–457
Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research edited by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 ISBN 90-04-11142-5pages 455–457；Evidence of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian by Ute Possekel 1999 ISBN 90-429-0759-2 pages 29–30；Jesus outside the New Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence by Robert E. Van Voorst 2000 ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 pages 53–55
Evidence of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian by Ute Possekel 1999 ISBN 90-429-0759-2 pages 29–30； The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 110
Jesus outside the New Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence by Robert E. Van Voorst 2000 ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 pages 53–55；Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studiesby Craig A. Evans 2001 ISBN 978-0-391-04118-9 page 41
The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 104–108；Evans, Craig A. (2001). Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative StudiesISBN 0-391-04118-5 page 316；Wansbrough, Henry (2004). Jesus and the oral Gospel traditionISBN 0-567-04090-9 page 185
Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 0-8028-4368-9pages 39–42；Backgrounds of early Christianity by Everett Ferguson 2003 ISBN 0-8028-2221-5 page 116
Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 0-8028-4368-9pages 39–42；Jesus as a figure in history: how modern historians view the man from Galilee by Mark Allan Powell 1998 ISBN 0-664-25703-8 page 33； Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studiesby Craig A. Evans 2001 ISBN 0-391-04118-5 page 42； Ancient Rome by William E. Dunstan 2010 ISBN 0-7425-6833-4 page 293； Tacitus' characterization of "Christian abominations" may have been based on the rumors in Rome that during the Eucharist rituals Christians ate the body and drank the blood of their God, interpreting the symbolic ritual as cannibalism by Christians. References: Ancient Rome by William E. Dunstan 2010 ISBN 0-7425-6833-4 page 293 and An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity by Delbert Royce Burkett 2002 ISBN 0-521-00720-8 page 485； Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation by Helen K. Bond 2004 ISBN 0-521-61620-4 page xi
Jesus in the Talmud by Peter Schäfer (Aug 24, 2009) ISBN 0-691-14318-8 page 141 and 9； Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 pages 177–118
Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 pages 177–118
Paul L. Maier "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" in Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 ISBN 0-931464-50-1pages 113–129； The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 114； Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times by Paul Barnett 2002 ISBN 0-8308-2699-8 pages 19–21
Rainer Riesner, Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998), page 58. Josef Blinzler, Der Prozess Jesu (Pustet, 1960) cited in Colin J. Humphreys, The Mystery of the Last Supper: Reconstructing the Final Days of Jesus(Cambridge University Press, 2011) page 14.
Maier, P.L. (1968). "Sejanus, Pilate, and the Date of the Crucifixion". Church History. 37 (1): 3–13. JSTOR3163182 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）；Fotheringham, J.K. (1934). "The evidence of astronomy and technical chronology for the date of the crucifixion". Journal of Theological Studies.35: 146–162.
Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 Harmony of the Gospels ISBN 0-8054-9444-8 pages 323–323； Death of the Messiah, Volume 2 by Raymond E. Brown 1999 ISBN 0-385-49449-1 pages 959–960；Colin Humphreys, The Mystery of the Last SupperCambridge University Press 2011 ISBN 978-0-521-73200-0, pages 188–190
Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 Harmony of the Gospels ISBN 0-8054-9444-8 pages 323–323； New Testament History by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 ISBN 0-310-31201-9 pages 173–174； The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 538
Eucherius of Lyon. "Letter to the Presbyter Faustus"互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2008-06-13.. The three more frequented exit gates are one on the west, another on the east, and a third on the north. As you enter the city from the northern side, the first of the holy places due to the condition of the directions of the streets is to the church which is called the Martyrium, which was by Constantine with great reverence not long ago built up. Next, to the west one visits the connecting places Golgotha and the Anastasis; indeed the Anastasis is in the place of the resurrection, and Golgotha is in the middle between the Anastasis and the Martyrium, the place of the Lord's passion, in which still appears that rock which once endured the very cross on which the Lord was. These are however separated places outside of Mount Sion, where the failing rise of the place extended itself to the north.
For a discussion of the date of the work, seeInformation on Epistle of Barnabas （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） and Andrew C. Clark, "Apostleship: Evidence from the New Testament and Early Christian Literature,"Evangelical Review of Theology, 1989, Vol. 13, p. 380
"The Spirit saith to the heart of Moses, that he should make a type of the cross and of Him that was to suffer, that unless, saith He, they shall set their hope on Him, war shall be waged against them for ever. Moses therefore pileth arms one upon another in the midst of the encounter, and standing on higher ground than any he stretched out his hands, and so Israel was again victorious" (Epistle of Barnabas, 12:2-3).
David Anderson-Berry, 1871 The Seven Sayings of Christ on the Cross, Glasgow: Pickering & Inglis Publishers； Rev. John Edmunds, 1855 The seven sayings of Christ on the cross Thomas Hatchford Publishers, London, page 26； Arthur Pink, 2005 The Seven Sayings of the Saviour on the Cross Baker Books ISBN 0-8010-6573-9； Simon Peter Long, 1966 The wounded Word: A brief meditation on the seven sayings of Christ on the cross Baker Books；John Ross Macduff, 1857 The Words of Jesus New York: Thomas Stanford Publishers, page 76； Alexander Watson, 1847 The seven sayings on the Cross John Masters Publishers, London, page 5
"In the same hour, too, the light of day was withdrawn, when the sun at the very time was in his meridian blaze. Those who were not aware that this had been predicted about Christ, no doubt thought it an eclipse. You yourselves have the account of the world-portent still in your archives."
Colin J. Humphreys and W. G. Waddington, The Date of the Crucifixion Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 37 (March 1985)； （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Colin Humphreys, The Mystery of the Last SupperCambridge University Press 2011 ISBN 978-0-521-73200-0, p. 193 (However note that Humphreys places the Last Supper on a Wednesday)
Burton L. Mack, A Myth of Innocence: Mark and Christian Origins (Fortress Press, 1988) page 296; George Bradford Caird, The language and imagery of the Bible (Westminster Press, 1980), page 186; Joseph Fitzmyer, The Gospel According to Luke, X-XXIV (Doubleday, 1985) page 1513; William David Davies, Dale Allison, Matthew: Volume 3 (Continuum, 1997) page 623.
John Yueh-Han Yieh, One Teacher: Jesus' Teaching Role in Matthew's Gospel Report (Walter de Gruyter, 2005) page 65; Robert Walter Funk, The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus(Harper San Francisco, 1998) pages 129-270.
Jefferson Williams, Markus Schwab and A. Brauer (2012). An early first-century earthquake in the Dead Sea. International Geology Review.full article （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
William Stroud, 1847, Treatise on the Physical Death of Jesus Christ London: Hamilton and Adams； William Seymour, 2003, The Cross in Tradition, History and ArtISBN 0-7661-4527-1
The Search for the Physical Cause of Christ's Death BYU Studies互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2009-02-10.；The Physical Death Of Jesus Christ, Study by The Mayo Clinic互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2009-01-31. citing studies by Bucklin R (The legal and medical aspects of the trial and death of Christ. Sci Law 1970; 10:14–26), Mikulicz-Radeeki FV (The chest wound in the crucified Christ. Med News 1966; 14:30–40), Davis CT (The Crucifixion of Jesus: The passion of Christ from a medical point of view. Ariz Med 1965; 22:183-187), and Barbet P (A Doctor at Calvary: The Passion of Out Lord Jesus Christ as Described by a Surgeon, Earl of Wicklow (trans) Garden City, NY, Doubleday Image Books 1953, pp 12–18, 37–147, 159–175, 187–208).
Frederick Zugibe, 2005, The Crucifixion of Jesus: A Forensic Inquiry Evans Publishing, ISBN 1-59077-070-6； JW Hewitt, The Use of Nails in the CrucifixionHarvard Theological Review, 1932
Paul II, Pope John (1994). Catechism of the Catholic Church. Urbi Et Orbi Communications. p. 376. Online: https://books.google.com/books?id=tVJXcOVY2UgC； Schwarz, Hans (1996). True Faith in the True God: An Introduction to Luther's Life and Thought. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress. pp. 47–48. Online:https://books.google.com/books?id=l3rDtUQRdKAC （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Online: https://books.google.com/books?id=13QRjJjhEqkC “In （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） the Cross is salvation; in the Cross is life; in the Cross is protection against our enemies; in the Cross is infusion of heavenly sweetness; in the Cross is strength of mind; in the Cross is joy of spirit; in the Cross is excellence of virtue; in the Cross is perfection of holiness. There is no salvation of soul, nor hope of eternal life, save in the Cross.”
he Christology of the New Testament by Oscar Cullmann 1959 ISBN 0-664-24351-7 page 79； The Johannine exegesis of God by Daniel Rathnakara Sadananda 2005 ISBN 3-11-018248-3 page 281
Johannine Christology and the Early Church by T. E. Pollard 2005 ISBN 0-521-01868-4 page 21； Studies in Early Christology by Martin Hengel 2004 ISBN 0-567-04280-4 page 371
New Testament christology by Frank J. Matera 1999 ISBN 0-664-25694-5 page 67； The speeches in Acts: their content, context, and concerns by Marion L. Soards 1994 ISBN 0-664-25221-4 page 34
Calvin's Christology by Stephen Edmondson 2004ISBN 0-521-54154-9 page 91； The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures byHughes Oliphant Old 2002 ISBN 0-8028-4775-7 page 125
Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (April 1980). "TOWARDS AN ISLAMIC CHRISTOLOGY II: THE DEATH OF JESUS, REALITY OR DELUSION (A Study of the Death of Jesus in Tafsir Literature)". The Muslim World. Hartford Seminary. 70 (2): 106. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1980.tb03405.x.
"Wherefore he did not himself suffer death, but Simon, a certain man of Cyrene, being compelled, bore the cross in his stead; so that this latter being transfigured by him, that he might be thought to be Jesus, was crucified, through ignorance and error, while Jesus himself received the form of Simon, and, standing by, laughed at them. For since he was an incorporeal power, and the Nous (mind) of the unborn father, he transfigured himself as he pleased, and thus ascended to him who had sent him, deriding them, inasmuch as he could not be laid hold of, and was invisible to all" (Irenaeus,Against Heresies, book I, ch. 24, 4 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
James Tissot: the Life of Christ by Judith F. Dolkart 2009 ISBN 1-85894-496-1 page 201； Rookmaaker, H. R. (1970). Modern Art and the Death of a Culture. Crossway Books. p. 73. ISBN 0-89107-799-5.
