Cleveland 于1934年发现白蚁和隐尾蠊的肠内具有类似的原生生物,推论白蚁和隐尾蠊亲缘关系接近[38]。McKittrick F. A. 于1965年提到某些白蚁和隐尾蠊若虫具有相似特征,进一步支持了白蚁和隐尾蠊接近的假说[39]。2008 年根据 16S rRNA 的 DNA 分析结果支持白蚁于演化树上的位置被包覆在蜚蠊目之中[40][41][42]。隐尾蠊属和白蚁为姊妹群[43][44],白蚁和隐尾蠊的形态和行为都有相似之处,如:大多蜚蠊没有社会性,但隐尾蠊会育幼,甚至还会交哺和社会性梳理[45]。有学者认为白蚁是从隐尾蠊演化而来[41][46],有些学者把白蚁分在白蚁上科(Termitoidae)中,白蚁上科中包含白蚁和隐尾蠊属[47]。学者认为白蚁接近蟑螂和螳螂,因此将白蚁也分入网翅总目中[48][49]。
最古老的白蚁化石可追溯至白垩纪早期,但根据白垩纪白蚁的多样性,和包裹在白垩纪化石中的共生原生动物,部分学者推测白蚁起源的年代可能是侏罗纪或三叠纪[50][51][52]。扶鲁塔食蚁兽(Fruitafossor(英语:Fruitafossor) ) 形态类似于现代专食白蚁的哺乳类[53],科学家推测其专食白蚁,它的生存年代为晚侏罗世,学者因此推测白蚁起源于侏罗纪。最古老的白蚁巢年代为晚侏罗世,地点为德州西部,最古老的粪球也发现于德州西部[54]。若试图将白蚁起源推得更早,可能会面临争议,如:Weesner F. M. 曾指出澳白蚁科的起源可追溯至晚二叠世,也就是2亿5千万年前[3],同时,堪萨斯州的二叠纪沉积层中出土了类似于澳白蚁属的翅膀化石[55]。白蚁的起源甚至可追溯至石炭纪[56]。木蜚蠊Pycnoblattina 的翅膀与澳白蚁相似,现代的昆虫中只有澳白蚁和它相似[55]。然而 Krishna 等人(2003) 认为古生代和三叠纪的白蚁事实上并非白蚁,且应从等翅目中移除[57]。其他研究推论白蚁的起源较晚,是白垩纪早期时从隐尾蠊属演化而来[58]。
Reticulitermes speratus 的蚁后寿命很长,且生殖能力不会随著时间下降。Reticulitermes speratus 的蚁后所受到的氧化压力(包含氧化性 DNA 损伤,oxidative DNA damage(英语:DNA oxidation))比工蚁、兵蚁和若虫都小很多[77],因为这个物种的蚁后具有较多的过氧化氢酶,过氧化氢酶是一种可以抵挡氧化压力的催化物[77]。
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