国技(National sport, national pastime, national game),又称国民运动,或国球,是指一个国家特有或具有代表性的竞技运动。然而国技的定义并不严密,既有公认概念上的国技(如美国的棒球),也有通过法律具体规定的(如加拿大就法定袋棍球和冰球为国技),也因此使得国技并不一定是该国最具人气或强项的运动。除了加拿大之外,世界上通过法律确定国技的还有巴哈马的帆船、孟加拉的卡巴迪、巴西的卡波耶拉、斯里兰卡的排球等。
国技的定义并不十分严格,有在法律上具体规定的竞技运动,享有官方认可的地位;[注 1] 也有在国家文化中有特殊意义,深受国民爱戴的竞技运动。[注 2] 由国家文化发展而成的竞技运动是成为国技的其中一项条件,但并不全然如此,某些源自外国的竞技运动也有可能因为深受国民的爱戴,或者具有特殊的意义,成为公认的国技。一般只要符合以下两项要点,都会被认定为是国技:
- 国家法令指定的竞技运动,给予特殊的地位和待遇[注 1]
- 例如:加拿大的长曲棍球(夏季)和冰上曲棍球(冬季)
- 国家或民族文化中特有的竞技运动,或者是有某种特殊意义的竞技运动[注 2]
- 例如:日本的相扑、韩国的跆拳道、西班牙的斗牛
除了上述两项,某些广泛普及的竞技运动,虽然不是公认的国技,但已经深植入于国家的体育文化当中,成为深受全民欢迎的休闲活动,所以经常是被极力推广的国家体育项目,例如:世界各地的足球、英联邦国家的板球、美国的篮球和橄榄球、日本的棒球、马来西亚和印尼的羽毛球等。
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Craton, Michael; Gail Saunders. Islanders in the Stream: A History of the Bahamian People. University of Georgia Press. 1998: 471. ISBN 0-8203-2284-9.
Banglapedia: Kabadi. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. [21 July 2008]. (原始内容存档于2008年11月22日). Ha-du-du was given the name kabadi and the status of National Game in 1972.
Moreira Recchione, Alberto. La Medialuna: un edificio para Chile. Revista de urbanismo (University of Chile). December 2007, (17) [14 July 2008]. ISSN 0717-5051. (原始内容存档于2009年2月13日) (西班牙语). A reconocerse, en 1962, el rodeo como deporte nacional y oficial [10 de enero de 1962, oficio N°269 del Consejo Nacional de Deportes y Comité Olímpico de Chile]
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La Charrería "Nuestro Deporte Nacional". Mexican Department of Tourism. [14 July 2008]. (原始内容存档于2009年2月8日) (西班牙语). El año de 1933 fue muy importante, ya que el general Abelardo L. Rodríguez, emite un decreto presidencial, dando a la Charrería el título de único Deporte Nacional.
Puerto Rico Act 64 of 2000, S.B. 1856 (PDF). Office of Legislative Services of Puerto Rico: 1. 11 April 2000 [14 July 2008]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-12-26). In 1966, the Public Parks and Recreation Administration and the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee awarded official recognition of the “paso fino” horse riding sport as the autochthonous sport of Puerto Rico.
Boat Racing Season Officially Opens. The Anguillian. 3 March 2007 [21 July 2008]. (原始内容存档于2009年2月8日). Director of Sports, Alkins Rogers, [...] reported that the Government recognizes boat racing as the national sport of Anguilla and was giving financial resources for its development.
Antiguans and Barbudans. everyculture.com. [10 July 2008]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26). Cricket, a left-over from the British rule, is the national sport of Antigua and Barbuda.
Barbados: Sports. Government of Barbados. [21 July 2008]. (原始内容存档于2009年11月13日). The national sport of Barbados is cricket
Luke, Will. Cricket by association. The Wisden Cricketer. March 2007 [21 July 2008]. (原始内容存档于2010-06-21). Bermuda are one of the few sides who count cricket as a national sport.
National Symbols. Bhutan Portal. Government of Bhutan. [21 July 2008]. (原始内容存档于2010年11月13日). National Game: The national sport of Bhutan is archery.
Gonzalez Echevarria, Roberto. A Cuban Belle Époque. The Pride of Havana: A History of Cuban Baseball. Oxford University Press. 1999: 76. ISBN 0-19-514605-0. Baseball is so ingrained in Cuba that it has thrived as the "national sport" through forty years of a bitterly anti-American revolution.
Mckinley, James C., Jr. Baseball; Clash of Cultures, Pride and Passion. The New York Times. 26 March 1999 [24 July 2008]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-28). Most Cubans, after all, consider baseball to be their national sport, a game entwined in history with their struggle for independence from Spain and the birth of their nation.
Batting For Grenada. Grenada Life. Grenada Board of Tourism: 38. March 2007 [21 July 2008]. (原始内容存档于2018年12月26日). in the first Grenada Cricket Classics [, h]eroes such as Sir Viv Richards, Joel Garner and Curtley Ambrose came together to promote what is considered by many to be the national sport in Grenada.
Games. Guyana Tourism Authority. [21 July 2008]. (原始内容存档于2008年6月6日). Cricket lovely Cricket! One cannot miss out on Guyana’s national sport without participating in a game of cricket while in Guyana.
Basra, Sukhwant. No National status, except in NCERT textbooks. dnaindia. 11 March 2008 [15 July 2008]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26). The status of hockey as the national sport is not enshrined in any official proclamation by the Government of India. The NCERT textbook for Class XI does [...] state that India’s national game is hockey and that, in a way, does make for an official take on the issue.
Football in Israel. AsiaRooms. 21 February 2011 [24 February 2012]. (原始内容存档于2011-11-06). The popularity of Football in Israel is sky-high and is the most popular sport of the nation by a distance. Football in Israel is the unofficial national sport of the nation and developed as an organized sport in the country during the period when the British controlled the administration or was the days of the British Mandate.
Farrelly, Hugh. The most progressive team in Ireland. Scrum.com. 15 September 2009 [17 September 2009]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26). It's [the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final] a big deal in Ireland, where Gaelic games are the national sport, but the problem for the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) is that no-one outside the country, save for committed expatriates, gives a fig.
History of Jamaica. Jamaican Embassy, Washington. [21 July 2008]. (原始内容存档于2008-06-20). The legacy of Britain also lives on in Jamaica in many ways [...] the game of cricket is the national sport.
What Is Sumo?. Kids Web Japan sponsored by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. [30 April 2012]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-18).
Adamkus, Valdas. Address at Charles University, Prague. President of Lithuania official website. 28 July 2005 [24 July 2008]. (原始内容存档于2006年10月5日). Lithuania is a country that loves basketball. It is our national sport and we are proud to be reigning European Champions.
Winn, Luke. Lithuania Calling. Sports Illustrated. 15 August 2011 [24 August 2011]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-15). Basketball is the only sport the 3.2 million Lithuanians truly care about—it's their second religion, after Catholicism—and their success is proportionately stunning.
Sport, Fitness and Leisure. New Zealand Official Yearbook. Statistics New Zealand. 2000 [21 July 2008]. (原始内容存档于2011年6月7日). Traditionally New Zealanders have excelled in rugby union, which is regarded as the national sport, and track and field athletics.
Mølster, Odd. Skiing and the Creation of a Norwegian Identity - part 2. News of Norway, issue 2. Norwegian Embassy, Washington. 1996 [21 July 2008]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26). the national sport could become a fine weapon in time of war. In 1943, Norway's resistance movement won an epochal victory – on skis, of course
Berglund, Nina. Few cheers for Norway. Aftenposten. 20 February 2006 [21 July 2008]. (原始内容存档于2006年2月21日). The scoreboard shows how the Norwegians placed, a performance considered much too poor in a country where cross-country skiing is a national sport.
PNG vow to upset World Cup odds. Rugby League. Federación Peruana de Frontón. 15 October 2008 [3 July 2009]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-15). But it would still be one of the biggest shocks in World Cup history if Papua New Guinea - the only country to have rugby league as its national sport - were to qualify for the last four.
Paleta-Frontón. Club Regatas Lima. Club Regatas Lima. 31 August 2009 [31 August 2009]. (原始内容存档于2018年12月26日).
Oina - sportul naţional uitat. Adevărul Holding. 18 September 2010 [21 November 2012]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26) (罗马尼亚语). Dar nici deciziile luate de autorităţile comuniste nu au salvat sportul naţional românesc de la uitare.
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Harris, John. (Re)Presenting Wales: National Identity and Celebrity in the Postmodern Rugby World (PDF). North American Journal of Welsh Studies (North American Association for the Study of Welsh Culture and History). Summer 2006, 6 (2) [14 July 2008]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013年4月6日). rugby used to be the undisputed national sport of Wales [...] Rugby Union’s assumed position as ”the national game” has often been questioned on the basis that it is predominantly a game played and followed in South Wales.