半开前不圆唇元音是母音的一种,用于一些语言当中,国际音标以⟨ɛ⟩代表此音,而X-SAMPA音标则以⟨E⟩代表此音。
Quick Facts 半开前不圆唇元音, ɛ ...
Close
- 其元音舌位是前,表示舌头会尽可能地朝向嘴巴前面,但不至于阻碍气流而被归类为子音。通常圆唇前元音的实际位置会比参考点的位置还要更靠近中央(称此过程为央化)。因此,前元音事实上常常是次前元音。
- 其圆唇度为不圆唇元音,嘴唇自然放松,不特别向前突起。
More information 语言, 词汇 ...
Close
- Árnason, Kristján, The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ, A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966
- Basbøll, Hans, The Phonology of Danish, 2005, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Bet Hashim, Suzanna; Brown, Adam, The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English, Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Ling, Low Ee Ling (编), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics: 84–92, 2000, ISBN 981-04-2598-8
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim, Catalan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, 22 (1–2): 53–56, S2CID 249411809, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., The Phonetics of English and Dutch 5th, Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2003 [First published 1981], ISBN 9004103406
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students 3rd, Routledge, 2013 [First published 2003], ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena, European Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1995, 25 (2): 90–94, S2CID 249414876, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dankovičová, Jana, Czech, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 70–74, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii, Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, 1995 [2023-06-15], ISBN 9783929075083, (原始内容存档于2023-04-21)
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf, Das Aussprachewörterbuch 7th, Berlin: Dudenverlag, 2015 [First published 1962], ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4 (德语)
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine, Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009
- Engstrand, Olle, Swedish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 140–142, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Fast Mowitz, Gerhard, Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, 1975
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L., French, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1993, 23 (2): 73–76, S2CID 249404451, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Friedman, Victor, Macedonian, Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (编), Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the Worlds Major Languages, Past and Present, New York: Holt: 435–439, 2001
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen, Luxembourgish (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (1): 67–74 [2023-06-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278 , (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-16)
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia, Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, 2005, ISBN 978-0415114943
- Grønnum, Nina, Illustrations of the IPA: Danish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1998, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, S2CID 249412109, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
- Gussenhoven, Carlos, Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, 22 (2): 45–47, S2CID 243772965, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor, The dialect of Maastricht (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association (University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies), 1999, 29 (2): 155–166 [2023-06-15], S2CID 145782045, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-11)
- Hall, Christopher, Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English 2nd, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003 [First published 1992], ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
- Haugen, Ragnhild, Språk og språkhaldningar hjå ungdomar i Sogndal (PDF), Bergen: Universitetet i Bergen, 2004 [2023-06-15], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-21)
- Hughes, Arthur; Trudgill, Peter, English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of British English, Baltimore: University Park Press, 1979
- Jassem, Wiktor, Polish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery, Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble, Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP), 2009, 3: 675–685 [2023-06-15], (原始内容存档于2012-03-04)
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis, The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, 1969
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla, Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard) (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2010, 40 (2): 221–225 [2023-06-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100310000071 , (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-03-17)
- Kohler, Klaus J., German, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 86–89, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian. The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. 1996. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 (英语).
- Lanham, Len W., The pronunciation of South African English, Cape Town: Balkema, 1967
- Lin, Yen-Hwei, The Sounds of Chinese, Cambridge University Press, 2007
- Lodge, Ken, A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Lunt, Horace G., Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language, Skopje, 1952
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J., An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University, 2009a [2023-06-15], (原始内容存档于2013-05-16)
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J., An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University, 2009b [2023-06-15], (原始内容存档于2009-09-22)
- Peters, Jörg, The dialect of Hasselt, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2006, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Pop, Sever, Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj, 1938
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana, Italian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Schmitt, Holger, The case for the epsilon symbol (ɛ) in RP DRESS, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, 37 (3): 321–328, S2CID 143444452, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003131
- Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin, Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers, 2006
- Šewc-Schuster, Hinc, Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, 1984
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang, Standard Georgian (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2006, 36 (2): 255–264 [2023-06-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659 , (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-16)
- Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina, Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2012, 42 (2): 225–232 [2023-06-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102 , (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-06-13)
- Stone, Gerald, Sorbian (Upper and Lower), Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (编), The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge: 593–685, 2002, ISBN 9780415280785
- Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana, Bulgarian, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press: 55–57, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Tiersma, Peter Meijes, Frisian Reference Grammar 2nd, Ljouwert: Fryske Akademy, 1999 [First published 1985 in Dordrecht by Foris Publications], ISBN 90-6171-886-4
- Traunmüller, Hartmut, Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart., Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 1982, 2: 289–333
- Verhoeven, Jo, The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
- Watkins, Justin W., Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2001, 31 (2): 291–295 [2023-06-15], S2CID 232344700, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122, (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-04)
- Zamora Vicente, Alonso, Dialectología española 2nd, Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos, 1967, ISBN 9788424911157
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan, Turkish (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 154–158, 1999 [2015-11-21], ISBN 0-521-65236-7, (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-07-25)