闭前不圆唇母音是母音的一种,使用于许多口语语言之中,其国际音标的符号为 ⟨i⟩,相对应的X-SAMPA符号则为 ⟨i⟩。
Quick Facts 闭前不圆唇元音, i ...
Close
More information 国际音标:元音, 闭 ...
Close
此母音非常普遍,几乎在所有超过三个母音的语言中都存在著。
- 其元音高度为闭,这意指舌头的位置会尽量接近齿龈,但不会阻碍气流而被归类为子音。
- 其元音舌位是前,表示舌头会尽可能地朝向嘴巴前面,但不至于阻碍气流而被归类为子音。通常圆唇前元音的实际位置会比参考点的位置还要更靠近中央(称此过程为央化)。因此,前元音事实上常常是次前元音。
- 其圆唇度为不圆唇元音,嘴唇自然放松,不特别向前突起。
More information 语言, 词 ...
Close
- Arvaniti, Amalia, Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 2007, 8: 97–208, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365 , doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-12-11)
- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ, A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim, Catalan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, 22 (1–2): 53–56, S2CID 249411809, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students 3rd, Routledge, 2013 [First published 2003], ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
- Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet, Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription 2nd, Cambridge University Press, 2017 [First published 2012], ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
- Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne, Australian English (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, 37 (3): 341–350 [2023-06-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192 , (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-07-31)
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena, European Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1995, 25 (2): 90–94, ISSN 0025-1003, S2CID 249414876, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dankovičová, Jana, Czech, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 70–74, 1999, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii, Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, 1995 [2023-06-15], ISBN 9783929075083, (原始内容存档于2023-04-21)
- Doke, Clement Martyn; Mofokeng, S. Machabe, Textbook of Southern Sotho Grammar 3rd, Cape Town: Longman Southern Africa, 1974, ISBN 978-0-582-61700-1
- Donaldson, Bruce C., 1. Pronunciation, A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter: 1–35, 1993 [2023-06-15], ISBN 9783110134261, (原始内容存档于2023-01-23)
- Duanmu, San, The Phonology of Standard Chinese 2nd, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007 [First published 2000], ISBN 978-0-19-921578-2
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf, Das Aussprachewörterbuch 7th, Berlin: Dudenverlag, 2015 [First published 1962], ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4 (德语)
- Engstrand, Olle, Swedish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 140–142, 1999, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L, Illustrations of the IPA:French, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1993, 23 (2): 73–76, ISSN 0025-1003, S2CID 249404451, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia, Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, 2005, ISBN 978-0415114943
- Gussenhoven, Carlos, Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, 22 (2): 45–47, ISSN 0025-1003, S2CID 243772965, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Hall, Christopher, Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English 2nd, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003 [First published 1992], ISBN 978-0-7190-6689-4
- Jassem, Wiktor, Polish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 103–107, ISSN 0025-1003, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis, The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, 1969
- Khan, Celadet Bedir; Lescot, Roger, Grammaire Kurde (Dialecte kurmandji) (PDF), Paris: La librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien Maisonneuve, 1970 [28 October 2017], (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-03-27)
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo, Croatian, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 66–69, 1999, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
- Lee, Hyun Bok, Korean, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press: 120–122, 1999, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
- Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric, Standard Chinese (Beijing), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 109–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001208
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina, Castilian Spanish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (2): 255–259, ISSN 0025-1003, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Okada, Hideo, Japanese, International Phonetic Association (编), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press: 117–119, 1999, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Riad, Tomas, The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
- Roach, Peter, British English: Received Pronunciation, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (2): 239–245, ISSN 0025-1003, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana, Italian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (1): 117–121, ISSN 0025-1003, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Sarlin, Mika, Sounds of Romanian and their spelling, Romanian Grammar 2nd, Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH: 16–37, 2014 [First published 2013], ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
- Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina, Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2012, 42 (2): 225–232 [2023-06-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102 , (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-06-13)
- Szende, Tamás, Illustrations of the IPA:Hungarian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1994, 24 (2): 91–94, ISSN 0025-1003, S2CID 242632087, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090
- Thackston, W.M., —Sorani Kurdish— A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings (PDF), 2006a [29 October 2017], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于27 February 2021)
- Thelwall, Robin, Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1990, 20 (2): 37–41, ISSN 0025-1003, S2CID 243640727, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266
- Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S., Thai, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1993, 23 (1): 24–26, ISSN 0025-1003, S2CID 242001518, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746
- Trudgill, Peter, Greek Dialect Vowel Systems, Vowel Dispersion Theory, and Sociolinguistic Typology, Journal of Greek Linguistics, 2009, 9 (1): 80–97, doi:10.1163/156658409X12500896406041
- Verhoeven, Jo, Belgian Standard Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2005, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan, Turkish (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 154–158, 1999 [2015-11-20], ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0, (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-07-25)