但是,2003年,伯明翰学派学者斯图亚特·霍尔的文集《表征:文化表象与意指实践》(Representations: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices)简体中文译本出版。译者徐亮与陆兴选用了“表征”一词。译者指出霍尔的“representation”有两种意思:
皮尔士说,为了知道一个符号指涉的是什么,头脑需要对符号对象的某种体验,在给定符号或符号系统之外的体验,以及与之相伴随的体验。因此,他谈到了附随经验、附随观察、附随熟知,所有这些都使用了几乎相同的术语。[19]例如,艺术作品既可以利用观众体验的丰富性,也可以利用观众体验的局限性;一位小说家在撰写影射小说(英语:roman à clef)时,会假定一般读者没有亲身接触过小说中描绘的真实人物。然后,读者以惯常的方式将符号和解释项指向小说所(有意或无意)表现的对象。无论怎样,对象(无论是性质、事实或规律,甚至是虚构的)都通过人们与对象的附随经验来决定符号指向的解释项,附随经验中对象是新发现的或被回忆起来的,即使它是与符号所唤起的想像中的对象的经验,这种情况不仅在虚构作品中会发生,在理论和数学中也会发生,这一切都可能涉及在特定的规则和约束下对对象进行心理实验。通过附随经验,即使是和某个不在场对象偶然地相似的符号,也会受到该对象的决定。
瑞士语言学家索绪尔(Ferdinand de Saussure,1857–1913)在符号学的发展中发挥了重要作用,他认为语言是一种符号系统,需要理解这些符号系统才能充分理解语言学的过程。[29]符号学研究考察人类用来表达感情、想法、思想和意识形态的符号和表征类型。[30]尽管符号学通常以文本分析的形式使用,但它也涉及表征研究和表征过程。
Mitchell, W. 1995, "Representation", in F Lentricchia & T McLaughlin (eds), Critical Terms for Literary Study, 2nd edn, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Manfredo Tafuri 著, 陈志梧 译. 新“君士坦丁堡”——人文主義時期(1450-1509)威尼斯的“革新”表徵(The "New Constantinople": The Representation of the "Renovation" in Venice during the Humanism (1450-1509)). 夏铸九 (编). 空間的文化形式與社會理論讀本. 台北: 明文书局. 1988: 173–199.
On his classifications, see Peirce, C.S. (1903), CP 1.180–202 Eprint互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2011-11-05. and (1906) "The Basis of Pragmaticism" in The Essential Peirce 2:372–3. For the relevant quotes, see "Philosophy" and "Logic" at Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Bergman and Paavola, editors, U. of Helsinki.
Peirce, C.S., 1882, "Introductory Lecture on the Study of Logic" delivered September 1882, Johns Hopkins University Circulars, vol. 2, no. 19, pp. 11–12, November 1892, Google Book SearchEprint. Reprinted in Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce v. 7, paragraphs 59–76, The Essential Peirce 1:214–214; Writings of Charles S. Peirce 4:378–382.
Peirce, C.S. (1878) "The Doctrine of Chances", Popular Science Monthly, v. 12, pp. 604–615, 1878, reprinted in Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, v. 2, paragraphs 645–668, Writings of Charles S. Peirce 3:276–290, and The Essential Peirce 1:142–154. "...death makes the number of our risks, the number of our inferences, finite, and so makes their mean result uncertain. The very idea of probability and of reasoning rests on the assumption that this number is indefinitely great. .... ...logicality inexorably requires that our interests shall not be limited. .... Logic is rooted in the social principle."
Peirce, C. S. (written 1902), "MS L75: Logic, Regarded As Semeiotic (The Carnegie application of 1902): Version 1: An Integrated Reconstruction", Joseph Ransdell, ed., Arisbe, see Memoir 12 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
Peirce, C.S. (1868), "Questions Concerning Certain Faculties Claimed for Man" (ArisbeEprint (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)), Journal of Speculative Philosophy vol. 2, pp. 103–114. Reprinted (Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, v. 5, paragraphs 213–263, the quote is from paragraph 253).
Ten quotes on collateral observation from Peirce provided by Professor Joseph Ransdell can be viewed here. Also see pp. 404–409 in "Pragmatism" by Peirce in The Essential Peirce v. 2.
Peirce (1903 MS), "Nomenclature and Divisions of Triadic Relations, as Far as They Are Determined", under other titles in Collected Papers (CP) v. 2, paragraphs 233–72, and reprinted under the original title in Essential Peirce (EP) v. 2, pp. 289–99. Also see image of MS 339 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (August 7, 1904) supplied to peirce-l by Bernard Morand (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) of the Institut Universitaire de Technologie (France), Département Informatique.
See Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, v. 2, paragraphs 254–263, reprinted in Philosophical Writings of Peircepp. 115–118, and in The Essential Peirce v. 2, pp. 294–296.
Lentricchia, F. & McLaughlin,T (eds.), Critical Terms for Literary Study, University of Chicago Press, London, 1990.
Klarer, M, An Introduction to Literary Studies, Routledge, London, 1998.
Mitchell, W, "Representation", in F Lentricchia & T McLaughlin (eds), Critical Terms for Literary Study, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1990.
Mitchell, W, "Representation", in F Lentricchia & T McLaughlin (eds), Critical Terms for Literary Study, 2nd edn, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1995.
Mitchell, W, Picture Theory, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1994.
Murfin, R & Ray, S.M, The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms, Bedford Books, Boston, 1997.
O'Shaughnessy, M & Stadler J, Media and Society: an Introduction, 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, 2005. (ISBN978-0-19-551402-5)
Prendergast, C, "Circulating Representations: New Historicism and the Poetics of Culture", Substance: The Review of Theory and Literary Criticism, no. 28, issue 1, pp. 90–105, 1999, (online Humanities International Complete)
Ryder, M, Semiotics: Language and Culture, 2004, viewed 6 April 2006 [4] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
Shook, J, The Pragmatism Cybrary: Charles Morris, in The Pragmatism Cybrary, 2005, viewed 24 April 2006 [5] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
Vukcevich, M, Representation, The University of Chicago, 2002, viewed 7 April 2006.