戴安娜·鲍姆林德是一位着重研究教养方式分类的学者。她的研究被熟知为“鲍姆林德的教养类型学”。在研究中,她发现共有四种基本元素可构成成功的教养方式:响应性、非响应性、绝对化要求与非绝对化要求(responsiveness vs. unresponsiveness and demanding vs. undemanding)。[36]父母响应性质父母以支持于接受的方式相应孩子的需求。[37][需要较佳来源]通过她的研究,鲍姆林德起初提出了三种教养方式:“专制式教养方式”、“放任式教养方式”与“权威加民主式教养方式”。 麦科比与马丁通过区分绝对化要求与非绝对化要求扩展了鲍姆林德的教养方式。[38]这些区分形成了四种全新的教养方式:
More information 麦科比与马丁的四种教养方式 鲍姆林德的三种教养方式, 绝对化要求 ...
专制教养是一种约束性、重刑罚的教养方式。对孩子使用此种教养方式的父母会让其子女强制服从其指令,但不对其指令做出解释或反馈,也不注意孩子和家庭的感觉或地位。[39][43]专制型父母通常会偏好体罚(英语:Corporal punishment in the home)(如打屁股)和叫喊的管教方式。此教养方式的目标(出于好意的情况下)是通过让孩子在作出不当行为的时候面对负面反馈(如愤怒和攻击性行为)来让孩子在严酷、无情的社会中像大人一样学会循规守矩、茁壮成长。除此之外,这种教养方式的支持者通常认为若父母对孩子施加急性和慢性压力,则孩子长大后就会受到较少的攻击性行为。[来源请求]
专制教养方法的特定方面在某些文化和民族中较为流行,如被亚裔美国家庭所使用并被其他文化中的父母模仿的亚洲传统育儿方式有时会被描述为专制。[39]虽然这种方式存在恶劣结果的风险(如家里蹲和印度(英语:Suicide in India)、中国、韩国自杀率上升和一类的亚洲文化现象),但也可能导致了比鲍姆林德的模型的预测结果更高的儿童成绩中位数结果。[来源请求]奎弗满尔(英语:Quiverfull)式父母通常使用专制式教养方式。[来源请求]此外,虽然已知专制式教养会带来负面影响,但有理由认为,专制式教养的结果还是会好过溺爱。像例如一项2014年杨百翰大学的研究指出,溺爱子女的父母,其子女酗酒风险是一般状况下的三倍;而虽然专制的父母,其子女酗酒的风险也比较高,但仅为一般状况下的两倍。[47]
Schechter, D.S., & Willheim, E. (2009). Disturbances of attachment and parental psychopathology in early childhood. Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health Issue. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America, 18(3), 665-87.
Grienenberger, J., Kelly, K. & Slade, A. (2005). Maternal Reflective Functioning, Mother-Infant Affective Communication and Infant Attachment: Exploring The Link Between Mental States and Observed Caregiving. Attachment and Human Development, 7, 299-311.
Lieberman, A.F.; Padrón, E.; Van Horn, P.; Harris, W.W. Angels in the nursery: The intergenerational transmission of benevolent parental influences. Infant Ment. Health J. 2005, 26 (6): 504–20. PMID 28682485. doi:10.1002/imhj.20071.
Irvine, P. " Rousseau, Jean j." Encyclopedia of special education: A reference for the education of children, adolescents, and adults with disabilities and other exceptional individuals. Credo Reference. 缺少或|url=为空 (帮助)
Wright, Benjamin. Psychology in the Classroom by Rudolf Dreikurs. The School Review (The University of Chicago Press). Winter 1957, 65 (4): 490–492. doi:10.1086/442418.
GODDARD, H. WALLACE; DENNIS, STEVEN A. Parenting Education. James J. Ponzetti Jr (编). International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family. Gale, Farmington, USA. 2003 [13 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-10-18).
原文:“development really wants to happen. It takes very impoverished environments to interfere with development ... [just] don't raise your child in a closet, starve them, or hit them on the head with a frying pan”
A position not actually taken by the author, but apparently it was feared that "lay readers" would still interpret the book in this way, as in "Will it free some to mistreat their kids, since 'it doesn't matter'?", with this fear being attributed to "psychologist Frank Farley of Temple University, president of the APA division that honored Harris" by Begley, Sharon. The Parent Trap. Newsweek. 1998-09-29 [2021-01-07]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-03).
Maccoby, E.E.; Martin, J.A. Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. Mussen, P.H.; Hetherington, E.M. (编). Manual of child psychology, Vol. 4: Social development. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 1983: 1–101.
Huang, Grace H. C.; Gove, Mary. Asian Parenting Styles and Academic Achievement: Views from Eastern and Western Perspectives. Education. 2015, 135 (3): 389–397.
Yasui, M. The ethnic context of child and adolescent problem behaviour: implications for child and family interventions.. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2007, 10: 137–179.
Norman, RE. [doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349 The Long-Term Health Consequences of Child Physical Abuse, Emotional Abuse, and Neglect: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). PLoS Med. 2012, 9 (11): e1001349.
Vittrup, B. Children’s assessment of corporal punishment and other disciplinary practices: The role of age, race, SES and exposure to spanking.. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. 2010, 31: 211–220.
Lansford, JE. Ethnic differences in the link between physical discipline and later adolescent externalising behaviours.. J Psychol Psychiatry. 2004, 45: 805–812.
Gardner, Frances. Transporting evidence based parenting programmes for child problem behaviour (age 3-10) between countries: Systematic review and meta-analysis.. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2016, 45 (6): 749–762.
Conrade & Ho, Glenys & Robert. Differential parenting styles for fathers and mothers. Australian Journal of Psychology. 2 February 2011, 53 (1): 29–35. doi:10.1080/00049530108255119.
Barnhart, C.; Raval, V.; Jansari, A.; Raval, P. Perception of Parenting Style Among College Students in India and the United States. Journal of Child Family Stud. 2013, 22: 684–693. doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9621-1.
Pomeranz, E.; Wang, Q. The Role of Parental Control in Children's Development in Western and East Asia Countries. Current Directions in Psychological Science: 285–289. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01653.x.
Robert Feldman, PhD at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Child Development Third Edition
Morris, A. S., Cui, L., & Steinberg, L.(英语:Laurence Steinberg) (2013). Parenting research and themes: What we have learned and where to go next. In R. E. Larzelere, A. S. Morris, & A. W. Harrist (Eds.), Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 35–58). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Alizadeh, S.; Abu Talib, M. B.; Abdullah, R.; Mansor, M. Relationship between Parenting Style and Children's Behavior Problems. Asian Social Science. 2011, 7 (12): 195–200. doi:10.5539/ass.v7n12p195.
Kordi, A.; Baharudin, R. Parenting Attitude and Style and Its Effect on Children's School Achievements. International Journal of Psychological Studies. 2010, 2 (2): 217–222. doi:10.5539/ijps.v2n2p217.
Rivers, J.; Mullis, A. K.; Fortner, L. A.; Mullis, R. L. Relationships Between Parenting Styles and the Academic Performance of Adolescents. Journal of Family Social Work. 2012, 15 (3): 202–216. doi:10.1080/10522158.2012.666644.
Schary, D. P.; Cardinal, B. J.; Loprinzi, P. D. Parenting style associated with sedentary behaviour in preschool children. Early Child Development & Care. 2012, 182 (8): 1015–1026. doi:10.1080/03004430.2012.678596.
Spera, C. A review of the relationship among parenting practices, parenting styles, and adolescent school achievement. Educational Psychology Review(英语:Educational Psychology Review). 2005, 17 (2): 125–146. doi:10.1007/s10648-005-3950-1.