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希腊字母变体 来自维基百科,自由的百科全书
古希腊字母是公元前8世纪至公元前5世纪(也就是古风时期与古典时期),古希腊语诸方言所使用的多种希腊字母变体,被粗略的分为南类群、西类群和东类群,其中东类群又被分为接近老雅典拼写的“淡蓝”类群和接近伊奥尼亚拼写的“深蓝”类群。[1][2]
古希腊字母于公元前4纪逐渐被伊奥尼亚字母所取代,伊奥尼亚字母后来成为通用希腊语的标准字母,也就是现代的大写希腊字母。现代小写字母则是从东罗马帝国的抄写手稿逐渐发展出来的。[3]
一般依据如何表记送气清塞音/pʰ/, /kʰ/ 和复辅音/ks/, /ps/ ,来将不同地域的(epichoric, 源于ἐπιχώριος)古希腊字母划分为四大类群:
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发音 | /ks/ | /ps/ | /pʰ/ | /kʰ/ | |
南类群 | ![]() ![]() |
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西类群 | ![]() ![]() |
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东类群 | 淡蓝 | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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深蓝 | ![]() ![]() |
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伊奥尼亚 | |||||
现代字母 | Ξ | Ψ | Φ | Χ |
南类群有以下显著的特征:
综上所述,南类群保守地继承腓尼基字母拼写辅音的方式,但删去;而且从
演化出来的
并没有用来拼写/t̪ʰ/,反而是用从
演化出来的
拼写;而且
(或简化笔画的
)被挪去拼写/h/,反而不是
。
腓尼基字母 | ![]() /ʔ/ |
![]() /b/ |
![]() /g/ |
![]() /d/ |
![]() /h/ |
![]() /w/ |
![]() /d͡z/ |
![]() /ħ/ |
![]() /tʼ/ |
![]() /j/ |
![]() / kʰ/ |
![]() /l/ |
![]() /m/ |
![]() /n/ |
![]() /ts/ |
![]() /ʕ/ |
![]() / pʰ/ |
![]() /tsʼ/ |
![]() /kʼ/ |
![]() /r/ |
![]() /s/ |
![]() / tʰ/ |
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音位 | /a/ | /b/ | /g/ | /d/ | /e/ | /w/ | /u/ | /d͡z/ | /ɛː/ | /h/ | /t̪ʰ/ | /i/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ks/ | /o/ | /p/ | /s/ | /k/ | /r/ | /s/ | /t/ | /pʰ/ | /kʰ/ | /ps/ | /ɔː/ |
拉科尼亚
Λακωνική |
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阿卡迪亚
Ἀρκαδία |
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阿哈伊亚
Ἀχαΐα |
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伊萨基岛
Ἰθάκη |
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色萨利
Θεσσαλία |
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埃维亚岛
Εὔβοια |
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维奥蒂亚
Βοιωτία |
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罗得岛
Ρόδος |
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西类群有以下的特征:
虽然一般来说,西类群都是以或
表示/ks/;且以双字母
表示/ps/,但上表展示了许多例外(如伊萨基岛以
表示/ks/,阿卡迪亚地区以
表示/ps/)。
腓尼基字母 | ![]() /ʔ/ |
![]() /b/ |
![]() /g/ |
![]() /d/ |
![]() /h/ |
![]() /w/ |
![]() /d͡z/ |
![]() /ħ/ |
![]() /tʼ/ |
![]() /j/ |
![]() / kʰ/ |
![]() /l/ |
![]() /m/ |
![]() /n/ |
![]() /ts/ |
![]() /ʕ/ |
![]() / pʰ/ |
![]() /tsʼ/ |
![]() /kʼ/ |
![]() /r/ |
![]() /s/ |
![]() / tʰ/ |
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音位 | /a/ | /b/ | /g/ | /d/ | /e/ | /w/ | /u/ | /d͡z/ | /ɛː/ | /h/ | /t̪ʰ/ | /i/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ks/ | /o/ | /p/ | /s/ | /k/ | /r/ | /s/ | /t/ | /pʰ/ | /kʰ/ | /ps/ | /ɔː/ |
提洛岛
Δῆλος |
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伊奥尼亚
Ἰωνία |
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尼多斯
Κνίδος |
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迈加拉
Μέγαρα |
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科林斯
Κόρινθος |
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西库昂
Σικυών |
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阿尔戈斯
Ἄργος |
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梯林斯
Τίρυνς |
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以下是本条目所述,不同类群字母的总表:[4]
地区 | Α | Β | Γ | Δ | Ε | Ϝ | Ζ | Η | Ͱ | Θ | Ι | Κ | Λ | Μ | Ν | Ξ | Ο | Π | Ϻ | Ϙ | Ρ | Σ | Τ | Υ | Φ | Χ | Ψ | Ω |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
拉科尼亚 | ![]() |
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阿卡迪亚 | ![]() |
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阿哈伊亚 | ![]() ![]() |
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伊萨基岛 | ![]() |
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罗得岛 | ![]() |
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古色萨利 | ![]() |
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埃维亚岛 | ![]() |
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维奥蒂亚 | ![]() |
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阿提卡 | ![]() |
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埃伊纳岛 | ![]() |
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纳克索斯岛 | ![]() |
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帕罗斯岛 | ![]() |
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提洛岛 | ![]() |
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伊奥尼亚 | ![]() |
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尼多斯 | ![]() |
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迈加拉 | ![]() |
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科林斯 | ![]() ![]() |
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西库昂 | ![]() |
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阿尔戈斯 | ![]() |
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梯林斯 | ![]() |
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米洛斯岛 | ![]() |
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克里特岛 | ![]() |
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锡拉岛 | ![]() |
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