佛教宇宙观认为,世界有无数无尽的佛陀依次出世传法。在我们的娑婆世界中,现在所处的时代叫贤劫,有千佛出世,过去叫庄严劫,也有千佛出世。拘留孙佛为贤劫千佛之第一佛,释迦牟尼佛为贤劫千佛之第四佛,而拘留孙佛之前,则是庄严劫出世的佛陀。过去庄严劫最后出世的三佛,与现在贤劫最先出世的四佛,合称为“(过去)七佛”,为离我们现在时间最近、依次出世的七尊佛陀[1];南传上座部佛教还有“二十八佛”之称,见于《佛种姓经》。
三宝佛
五方佛和十方佛
过去七佛
释迦牟尼佛曾列举过娑婆世界过去世的六尊佛,加上释迦牟尼佛(乔达摩),称为过去七佛。
二十九佛
上座部佛教转述过去二十五佛,后发展为二十七佛,加上释迦牟尼佛,称为“二十八佛”[3],再加当来下生弥勒佛,共称“二十九佛”。
那体慧和Richard Gombrich等学者认为,“过去二十五佛”可能是要与耆那教竞争而提出来的,因为耆那教有一套相当明确的二十四位宗师底里坦迦罗(Tīrthaṅkara)的体系,很可能是在西元前二或三世纪时,作为二十五佛来源的《佛种姓经》完成了编辑和入藏[4]。其中,过去七佛在很多经藏中都能见到,提舍佛(Tiṣya)和弗沙佛(Puṣya)也见于《大悲经》,仅有这九尊佛陀常见于多本经典。
巴利语佛号[5][6][7] | 梵语佛号 | 汉译名 | 种姓[6][7] | 诞生地[6][7] | 父母[6][7] | 菩提树种[6][7][8] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Taṇhaṅkara | Tṛṣṇaṃkara | 除渴爱佛[9] | 刹帝利 | Popphavadi | King Sunandha, and Queen Sunandhaa | Rukkaththana |
2 | Medhaṅkara | Medhaṃkara | 用智能佛[10] | Yaghara | Sudheva, and Yasodhara | Kaela | |
3 | Saraṇaṅkara | Śaraṇaṃkara | 归依佛[11] (萨罗难迦罗佛、总持佛、作救护佛) |
Vipula | Sumangala, and Yasavathi | Pulila | |
4 | Dīpaṃkara | Dīpaṃkara | 燃灯佛[12] (锭光佛、定光佛) |
婆罗门 | Rammavatinagara | Sudheva, and Sumedhaya | Pipphala |
5 | Koṇḍañña | Kauṇḍinya | 智调佛[13] (和㤭陈如同词) |
刹帝利 | Rammavatinagara | Sunanda, and Sujata | Salakalyana |
6 | Maṅgala | Maṅgala | 吉祥佛[14] | 婆罗门[15] | Uttaranagara (Majhimmadesa) | Uttara, and Uttara | a naga |
7 | Sumana | Sumanas | 善意佛[16] | 刹帝利[15] | Mekhalanagara | Sudassana and Sirima | a naga |
8 | Revata[17] | Raivata | 离婆多佛[18] | 婆罗门[15] | Sudhannavatinagara | Vipala and Vipula | a naga |
9 | Sobhita | Śobhita | 光耀佛[19] | 刹帝利[15] | Sudhammanagara | Sudhammanagara (father) and Sudhammanagara (mother) | a naga |
10 | Anomadassi | Anavamadarśin | 超见佛[20] | 婆罗门[15] | Chandavatinagara | Yasava and Yasodara | ajjuna |
11 | Paduma[21] | Padma | 莲花佛[22] | 刹帝利[15] | Champayanagara | Asama, and Asama | salala |
12 | Nārada | Nārada | 那罗陀佛 | Dhammavatinagara | King Sudheva and Anopama | sonaka | |
13 | Padumuttara[23] | Padmottara | 胜莲华(花)佛[24] | 刹帝利 | Hansavatinagara | Anurula, and Sujata | salala |
14 | Sumedha | Sumedha | 善慧佛[25] | 刹帝利 | Sudasananagara | Sumedha (father), and Sumedha (mother) | nipa |
15 | Sujāta | Sujāta | 善生佛[26] | Sumangalanagara | Uggata, and Pabbavati | velu | |
16 | Piyadassi[27] | Priyadarśin | 喜见佛[28] | Sudannanagara | Sudata, and Subaddha | kakudha | |
17 | Atthadassi | Arthadarśin | 义见佛[29] | 刹帝利 | Sonanagara | Sagara and Sudassana | champa |
18 | Dhammadassī | Dharmadarśin | 法见佛[30] | 刹帝利 | Surananagara | Suranamaha, and Sunanada | bimbajala |
19 | Siddhattha | Siddhārtha[31] | 成就义佛 (和悉达多同词) |
Vibharanagara | Udeni, and Suphasa | kanihani | |
20 | Tissa | Tiṣya | 提舍佛 | Khemanagara | Janasando, and Paduma | assana | |
21 | Phussa[32] | Puṣya | 弗沙佛 | 刹帝利 | Kāśi | Jayasena, and Siremaya | amalaka |
22 | Vipassī | Vipaśyin | 毗婆尸佛[33] (超见佛、善观佛) |
刹帝利 | Bandhuvatinagara | Vipassi (father), and Vipassi (mother) | 波吒釐树(婆罗树) patali |
23 | Sikhī | Śikhin | 尸弃佛[34] (顶髻佛) |
刹帝利 | Arunavattinagara | Arunavatti, and Paphavatti | 芬陀利树 pundariko |
24 | Vessabhū | Viśvabhū | 毗舍婆佛[35] (毘舍浮佛、毗 |
刹帝利 | Anupamanagara | Suppalittha, and Yashavati | 娑罗树 sala |
25 | Kakusandha | Krakucchanda | 拘留孙佛[36] (具峰佛) |
婆罗门 | Khemavatinagara | Agidatta the purohitta Brahman of King Khema, and Visakha | 利沙树[37] airisa |
26 | Koṇāgamana | Kanakamuni | 拘那含佛[38] | 婆罗门[39] | Sobhavatinagara | Yannadatta the Brahman, and Uttara | 优昙婆罗树 udumbara |
27 | Kassapa[40] | Kāśyapa | 迦叶佛[41] | 婆罗门 | Baranasinagara | Brahmadatta a Brahman, and Dhanavati | 尼拘律树 nigroda |
28 | Gotama | Gautama | 乔达摩佛 (瞿昙佛、释迦牟尼佛) |
刹帝利 | 蓝毗尼(Lumbini) | 净饭王(King Suddhodana), 摩耶夫人(Māyā) |
毕钵罗菩提树 Asatu Bodhi |
29 | Metteyya | Maitreya | 弥勒佛[42] (慈氏佛) |
婆罗门[43] | Ketumatī
|
Subrahma and Brahmavati[44] | 龙华菩提树(那伽菩提树) Naga Bodhi |
三十五佛
五十三佛
参见
注释参考
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