血管活性肠肽

血管活性肠肽（Vasoactive intestinal peptide），常简称VIP，属于一种可促进肠道血管活性（英语：vasoactive）的肽类激素，由28个氨基酸残基组成。本蛋白属于升糖素/胰泌素超家族（英语：protein superfamily），为第二型G蛋白偶联受体的配体^[5]。VIP在许多脊椎动物身上皆存在，包含肠（英语：Gut (zoology)）、胰脏，以及下视丘视上核（英语：suprachiasmatic nuclei）^[6][7][8]。VIP能刺激心脏收缩力（英语：contractility）、血管舒张、增加糖原分解、降低动脉血压，以及促进气管、胃、胆囊平滑肌舒张。在人类体内，该蛋白的编码基因为“VIP”^[9]

血管活性肠肽
已知的结构 PDB 直系同源搜索: PDBe RCSB PDBID列表 2RRI、​2RRH
识别号
别名	VIP；, vasoactive intestinal peptide, PHM27
外部ID	OMIM：192320 MGI：98933 HomoloGene：2539 GeneCards：VIP
基因位置（人类） 染色体 6号染色体[1] 基因座 6q25.2 起始 152,750,797 bp[1] 终止 152,759,765 bp[1]
基因位置（小鼠） 染色体 小鼠10号染色体[2] 基因座 10|10 A1 起始 5,589,218 bp[2] 终止 5,597,617 bp[2]
RNA表达模式
查阅更多表达数据
基因本体 分子功能 • hormone activity • 血浆蛋白结合 • neuropeptide hormone activity • peptide hormone receptor binding 细胞组分 • 细胞外区域 • 胞内 • neuron projection • 细胞本体 生物学过程 • G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway • body fluid secretion • prolactin secretion • mRNA stabilization • positive regulation of cell population proliferation • 先天免疫系统 • positive regulation of protein catabolic process • regulation of protein localization • antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide • regulation of signaling receptor activity • adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway • positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation • 学习和记忆 • positive regulation of epinephrine secretion • negative regulation of apoptotic process • negative regulation of potassium ion transport • epinephrine secretion • 平滑肌细胞增殖的负调控 • regulation of sensory perception of pain • positive regulation of penile erection • phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
直系同源
物种	人类	小鼠
Entrez	7432	22353
Ensembl	ENSG00000146469	ENSMUSG00000019772
UniProt	P01282	P32648
mRNA​序列	​NM_003381 ​NM_194435	NM_011702 ​NM_001313969
蛋白序列	NP_003372 ​NP_919416	NP_001300898 ​NP_035832 ​NP_001394459 ​NP_001394460 ​NP_001394461 ​NP_001394462 ​NP_001394463
基因位置​（UCSC）	Chr 6: 152.75 – 152.76 Mb	Chr 10: 5.59 – 5.6 Mb
PubMed​查找	[3]	[4]
维基数据
查看/编辑人类 查看/编辑小鼠

VIP在血中的半衰期（t_½）约两分钟^[10]。

参考文献

• 血管活性肠肽受体（英语：Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor）
• VPAC1（英语：VIPR1）
• VPAC2（英语：VIPR2）

参考文献

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000146469 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000019772 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Umetsu Y, Tenno T, Goda N, Shirakawa M, Ikegami T, Hiroaki H. Structural difference of vasoactive intestinal peptide in two distinct membrane-mimicking environments. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. May 2011, 1814 (5): 724–30. PMID 21439408. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.03.009.
6. Juhász T, Helgadottir SL, Tamás A, Reglődi D, Zákány R. PACAP and VIP signaling in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. Peptides. April 2015, 66: 51–7. PMID 25701761. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2015.02.001.
7. Delgado M, Ganea D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide: a neuropeptide with pleiotropic immune functions. Amino Acids. July 2013, 45 (1): 25–39. PMC 3883350 . PMID 22139413. doi:10.1007/s00726-011-1184-8.
8. Fahrenkrug J. VIP and PACAP. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. 2010-01-01, 50: 221–34. PMID 19859678. doi:10.1007/400_2009_24.
9. Hahm SH, Eiden LE. Cis-regulatory elements controlling basal and inducible VIP gene transcription. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. December 1998, 865: 10–26. PMID 9927992.
10. Henning RJ, Sawmiller DR. Vasoactive intestinal peptide: cardiovascular effects. Cardiovascular Research. January 2001, 49 (1): 27–37. PMID 11121793.

延伸阅读

• Watanabe J. Subchapter 18E - Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide. Handbook of Hormones (Academic Press). 1 January 2016: 150–e18E–10. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801028-0.00146-x.
• Fahrenkrug J. Gut/brain peptides in the genital tract: VIP and PACAP. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. Supplementum. 2001, 234: 35–9. PMID 11713978.
• Delgado M, Pozo D, Ganea D. The significance of vasoactive intestinal peptide in immunomodulation. Pharmacological Reviews. June 2004, 56 (2): 249–90. PMID 15169929. doi:10.1124/pr.56.2.7.
• Conconi MT, Spinazzi R, Nussdorfer GG. Endogenous ligands of PACAP/VIP receptors in the autocrine-paracrine regulation of the adrenal gland. International Review of Cytology. 2006, 249: 1–51. ISBN 978-0-12-364653-8. PMID 16697281. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(06)49001-X.
• Hill JM. Vasoactive intestinal peptide in neurodevelopmental disorders: therapeutic potential. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2007, 13 (11): 1079–89. PMID 17430171. doi:10.2174/138161207780618975.
• Gonzalez-Rey E, Varela N, Chorny A, Delgado M. Therapeutical approaches of vasoactive intestinal peptide as a pleiotropic immunomodulator. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2007, 13 (11): 1113–39. PMID 17430175. doi:10.2174/138161207780618966.
• Glowa JR, Panlilio LV, Brenneman DE, Gozes I, Fridkin M, Hill JM. Learning impairment following intracerebral administration of the HIV envelope protein gp120 or a VIP antagonist. Brain Research. January 1992, 570 (1-2): 49–53. PMID 1617429. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)90562-n.
• Theriault Y, Boulanger Y, St-Pierre S. Structural determination of the vasoactive intestinal peptide by two-dimensional H-NMR spectroscopy. Biopolymers. March 1991, 31 (4): 459–64. PMID 1863695. doi:10.1002/bip.360310411.
• Gozes I, Giladi E, Shani Y. Vasoactive intestinal peptide gene: putative mechanism of information storage at the RNA level. Journal of Neurochemistry. April 1987, 48 (4): 1136–41. PMID 2434617. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb05638.x.
• Yamagami T, Ohsawa K, Nishizawa M, Inoue C, Gotoh E, Yanaihara N, Yamamoto H, Okamoto H. Complete nucleotide sequence of human vasoactive intestinal peptide/PHM-27 gene and its inducible promoter. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1988, 527: 87–102. PMID 2839091. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb26975.x.
• DeLamarter JF, Buell GN, Kawashima E, Polak JM, Bloom SR. Vasoactive intestinal peptide: expression of the prohormone in bacterial cells. Peptides. 1985,. 6 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): 95–102. PMID 2995945. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(85)90016-6.
• Linder S, Barkhem T, Norberg A, Persson H, Schalling M, Hökfelt T, Magnusson G. Structure and expression of the gene encoding the vasoactive intestinal peptide precursor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. January 1987, 84 (2): 605–9. PMC 304259 . PMID 3025882. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.2.605.
• Gozes I, Bodner M, Shani Y, Fridkin M. Structure and expression of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene in a human tumor. Peptides. 1986,. 7 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): 1–6. PMID 3748844. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(86)90156-7.
• Tsukada T, Horovitch SJ, Montminy MR, Mandel G, Goodman RH. Structure of the human vasoactive intestinal polypeptide gene. Dna. August 1985, 4 (4): 293–300. PMID 3899557. doi:10.1089/dna.1985.4.293.
• Heinz-Erian P, Dey RD, Flux M, Said SI. Deficient vasoactive intestinal peptide innervation in the sweat glands of cystic fibrosis patients. Science. September 1985, 229 (4720): 1407–8. PMID 4035357. doi:10.1126/science.4035357.

外部链接

• Pathway at biocarta.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• MCG生理学 6/6ch2/s6ch2_34