细胞内寄生物

细胞内寄生物（英语：intracellular parasite）是指一类寄生于宿主细胞中生长、繁殖的微生物，可分为兼性（facultative）和专性（obligate）寄生物。此术语含盖任何生物和病毒；若为细菌，又称胞内寄生菌。

部分细胞内寄生物会导致相关疾病的发生。

兼性寄生物可以在胞内寄生，于胞外也可以存活^[1]。

属于兼性寄生物的细菌举例如下：

汉氏巴尔通体（Bartonella henselae）^[2]
兔热病杆菌（Francisella tularensis）^[3]
李斯特菌^[4]
伤寒沙门氏菌（英语：Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica）（Salmonella typhi）^[5]
布鲁氏菌属（Brucella）^[6]
军团菌属^[7]
部分分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium）^[8]
诺卡氏菌（英语：Nocardia）（Nocardia）^[9]
红球菌（英语：Rhodococcus equi）（Rhodococcus equi）^[10]
耶尔辛氏菌属^[11]
脑膜炎双球菌（Neisseria meningitidis）^[12]

属于兼性寄生物的真菌举例如下：

组织胞浆菌（英语：Histoplasma capsulatum）（Histoplasma capsulatum）^[13]
新型隐球菌（Cryptococcus neoformans）^[14]

专性寄生物只能在寄生细胞内存活，生活完全依赖于宿主细胞内的资源。

专性寄生物有：

病毒

一部分细菌，比如：
- 沙眼衣原体及其近亲物种^[15]
- 立克次氏体
- 考克斯氏体（英语：Coxiella (bacterium)）（Coxiella）
- 部分分枝杆菌属下的种，比如麻风分枝杆菌、结核分枝杆菌
部分原生生物，比如：
- 顶复门（疟原虫、弓形虫、隐孢子虫等）^[16]
- 锥虫属（利什曼原虫、克氏锥虫（英语：Trypanosoma cruzi））
一部分真菌，比如：
- 肺囊虫（英语：Pneumocystis jirovecii）（Pneumocystis jirovecii）^[17]

对专性寄生物的研究难度较高，因为他们通常不能在宿主外增殖。2009年，研究人员发现Q型流感的病原体贝氏柯克斯体（英语：Coxiella burnetii）（Coxiella burnetii）可以在一种无菌培养基上培养。他们在论文中提出，这种技术也许亦可以应用在其他病原体上^[18]。

值得一提的是，内共生理论认为，线粒体最初也是寄生于细胞内的专性寄生物，但最后发展成了共生关系乃至成为细胞器^[19]。

细胞内寄生物主要依靠宿主细胞的能量生长繁殖，他们尤其需要在脱离宿主细胞时难以获取的营养物质。兼性细胞内寄生物嗜肺军团菌（Legionella pneumophila）目前是研究细胞内寄生物获取宿主细胞营养的标准研究模型。目前的研究表明，嗜肺军团菌通过促进宿主细胞蛋白自我分解或通过蛋白酶体分解，将这些蛋白质变为氨基酸。嗜肺军团菌可以用这些氨基酸作为碳源和主要的能量来源^[20]。

T细胞功能受损的人群（如AIDS患者）较难清除侵入体内的病原性细胞内寄生物^[21]。

寄生虫病

[1]
李雍龙等. 人體寄生蟲學第7版. 人民卫生出版社. 2009: 9. ISBN 978-7-117-09971-4.
[2]
Bartonella henselae (PDF). [2018-01-20]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-01）.
[3]
Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors). Sherris Medical Microbiology 4th. McGraw Hill. 2004: 488–90. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
[4]
Dramsi, Shaynoor; Cossart, Pascale. Listeriolysin O. The Journal of Cell Biology. 2002-03-18, 156 (6): 943–946. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 2173465 . PMID 11901162. doi:10.1083/jcb.200202121.
[5]
Jantsch, J.; Chikkaballi, D.; Hensel, M. Cellular aspects of immunity to intracellular Salmonella enterica. Immunological Reviews. 2011, 240 (1): 185–195. PMID 21349094. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00981.x.
[6]
Celli, Jean. The changing nature of the Brucella-containing vacuole. Cellular Microbiology. 2015, 17 (7): 951–8. PMC 4478208 . PMID 25916795. doi:10.1111/cmi.12452.
[7]
W T Martin; et al. Proliferation of Legionella pneumophila as an intracellular parasite of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis.. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1984 Mar; 47(3): 467–471. 1913.
[8]
Silva MT; et al. Pathogenetic mechanisms of the intracellular parasite Mycobacterium ulcerans leading to Buruli ulcer.. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009 Nov;9(11):699-710.
[9]
Beaman BL; Beaman L. Nocardia asteroides as an invasive, intracellular pathogen of the brain and lungs. Subcell Biochem. 2000;33:167-97.
[10]
Kelly, B. G.; Wall, D. M.; Boland, C. A.; Meijer, W. G. Isocitrate lyase of the facultative intracellular pathogen Rhodococcus equi. Microbiology. 2002, 148 (Pt 3): 793–798. PMID 11882714. doi:10.1099/00221287-148-3-793.
[11]
Yuehua Ke; Zeliang Chen; Ruifu Yang. Yersinia pestis: mechanisms of entry into and resistance to the host cell. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013; 3: 106. 2013-12-24.
[12]
Spinosa MR, Progida C, Talà A, Cogli L, Alifano P, Bucci C. The Neisseria meningitidis capsule is important for intracellular survival in human cells. Infect. Immun. July 2007, 75 (7): 3594–603 [2017-10-27]. PMC 1932921 . PMID 17470547. doi:10.1128/IAI.01945-06. （原始内容存档于2019-12-10）.
[13]
Sebghati TS, Engle JT, Goldman WE. Intracellular parasitism by Histoplasma capsulatum: fungal virulence and calcium dependence. Science. November 2000, 290 (5495): 1368–72 [2017-10-27]. PMID 11082066. doi:10.1126/science.290.5495.1368. （原始内容存档于2019-12-10）.
[14]
Alvarez, M.; Burns, T.; Luo, Y.; Pirofski, L. A.; Casadevall, A. The outcome of Cryptococcus neoformans intracellular pathogenesis in human monocytes. BMC Microbiology. 2009, 9: 51. PMC 2670303 . PMID 19265539. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-9-51.
[15]
Amann R, Springer N, Schönhuber W, et al. Obligate intracellular bacterial parasites of acanthamoebae related to Chlamydia spp. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. January 1997, 63 (1): 115–21 [2017-10-27]. PMC 168308 . PMID 8979345. （原始内容存档于2019-12-10）.
[16]
Deng, M.; Lancto, C. A.; Abrahamsen, M. S. Cryptosporidium parvum regulation of human epithelial cell gene expression. International Journal for Parasitology. 2004, 34 (1): 73–82. PMID 14711592. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.10.001.
[17]
Page 28 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） in: Title: Rook's textbook of dermatology, Volume 4, Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, Tony Burns (FRCP.) Authors: Arthur Rook, Tony Burns (FRCP.) Edition: 8 Publisher: John Wiley and Sons, 2010 ISBN 1-4051-6169-8, ISBN 978-1-4051-6169-5
[18]
Omsland, Anders; Cockrell, Diane C.; Howe, Dale; Fischer, Elizabeth R.; Virtaneva, Kimmo; Sturdevant, Daniel E.; Porcella, Stephen F.; Heinzen, Robert A. Host cell-free growth of the Q fever bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. Mar 17, 2009, 106 (11): 4430–4 [September 18, 2011]. PMC 2657411 . PMID 19246385. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812074106.
[19]
Lynn Sagan. On the origin of mitosing cells. J Theor Biol. 1967, 14 (3): 255–274. PMID 11541392. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(67)90079-3.
[20]
Heuner K; Swanson M (editors). (2008). Legionella: Molecular Microbiology. Caister Academic Press.
[21]
Page 432 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Chapter 22, in: Jones, Jane; Bannister, Barbara A.; Gillespie, Stephen H. Infection: Microbiology and Management. Wiley-Blackwell. 2006. ISBN 1-4051-2665-5.

[1] [1]
李雍龙等. 人體寄生蟲學第7版. 人民卫生出版社. 2009: 9. ISBN 978-7-117-09971-4.

[2] [2]
Bartonella henselae (PDF). [2018-01-20]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-01）.

[Sherris-3] [3]
Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors). Sherris Medical Microbiology 4th. McGraw Hill. 2004: 488–90. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

[4] [4]
Dramsi, Shaynoor; Cossart, Pascale. Listeriolysin O. The Journal of Cell Biology. 2002-03-18, 156 (6): 943–946. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 2173465 . PMID 11901162. doi:10.1083/jcb.200202121.

[5] [5]
Jantsch, J.; Chikkaballi, D.; Hensel, M. Cellular aspects of immunity to intracellular Salmonella enterica. Immunological Reviews. 2011, 240 (1): 185–195. PMID 21349094. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00981.x.

[6] [6]
Celli, Jean. The changing nature of the Brucella-containing vacuole. Cellular Microbiology. 2015, 17 (7): 951–8. PMC 4478208 . PMID 25916795. doi:10.1111/cmi.12452.

[7] [7]
W T Martin; et al. Proliferation of Legionella pneumophila as an intracellular parasite of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis.. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1984 Mar; 47(3): 467–471. 1913.

[8] [8]
Silva MT; et al. Pathogenetic mechanisms of the intracellular parasite Mycobacterium ulcerans leading to Buruli ulcer.. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009 Nov;9(11):699-710.

[9] [9]
Beaman BL; Beaman L. Nocardia asteroides as an invasive, intracellular pathogen of the brain and lungs. Subcell Biochem. 2000;33:167-97.

[10] [10]
Kelly, B. G.; Wall, D. M.; Boland, C. A.; Meijer, W. G. Isocitrate lyase of the facultative intracellular pathogen Rhodococcus equi. Microbiology. 2002, 148 (Pt 3): 793–798. PMID 11882714. doi:10.1099/00221287-148-3-793.

[11] [11]
Yuehua Ke; Zeliang Chen; Ruifu Yang. Yersinia pestis: mechanisms of entry into and resistance to the host cell. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013; 3: 106. 2013-12-24.

[pmid17470547-12] [12]
Spinosa MR, Progida C, Talà A, Cogli L, Alifano P, Bucci C. The Neisseria meningitidis capsule is important for intracellular survival in human cells. Infect. Immun. July 2007, 75 (7): 3594–603 [2017-10-27]. PMC 1932921 . PMID 17470547. doi:10.1128/IAI.01945-06. （原始内容存档于2019-12-10）.

[pmid11082066-13] [13]
Sebghati TS, Engle JT, Goldman WE. Intracellular parasitism by Histoplasma capsulatum: fungal virulence and calcium dependence. Science. November 2000, 290 (5495): 1368–72 [2017-10-27]. PMID 11082066. doi:10.1126/science.290.5495.1368. （原始内容存档于2019-12-10）.

[14] [14]
Alvarez, M.; Burns, T.; Luo, Y.; Pirofski, L. A.; Casadevall, A. The outcome of Cryptococcus neoformans intracellular pathogenesis in human monocytes. BMC Microbiology. 2009, 9: 51. PMC 2670303 . PMID 19265539. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-9-51.

[pmid8979345-15] [15]
Amann R, Springer N, Schönhuber W, et al. Obligate intracellular bacterial parasites of acanthamoebae related to Chlamydia spp. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. January 1997, 63 (1): 115–21 [2017-10-27]. PMC 168308 . PMID 8979345. （原始内容存档于2019-12-10）.

[16] [16]
Deng, M.; Lancto, C. A.; Abrahamsen, M. S. Cryptosporidium parvum regulation of human epithelial cell gene expression. International Journal for Parasitology. 2004, 34 (1): 73–82. PMID 14711592. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.10.001.

[17] [17]
Page 28 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） in: Title: Rook's textbook of dermatology, Volume 4, Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, Tony Burns (FRCP.) Authors: Arthur Rook, Tony Burns (FRCP.) Edition: 8 Publisher: John Wiley and Sons, 2010 ISBN 1-4051-6169-8, ISBN 978-1-4051-6169-5

[18] [18]
Omsland, Anders; Cockrell, Diane C.; Howe, Dale; Fischer, Elizabeth R.; Virtaneva, Kimmo; Sturdevant, Daniel E.; Porcella, Stephen F.; Heinzen, Robert A. Host cell-free growth of the Q fever bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. Mar 17, 2009, 106 (11): 4430–4 [September 18, 2011]. PMC 2657411 . PMID 19246385. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812074106.

[19] [19]
Lynn Sagan. On the origin of mitosing cells. J Theor Biol. 1967, 14 (3): 255–274. PMID 11541392. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(67)90079-3.

[20] [20]
Heuner K; Swanson M (editors). (2008). Legionella: Molecular Microbiology. Caister Academic Press.

[Bannister2006-432-21] [21]
Page 432 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Chapter 22, in: Jones, Jane; Bannister, Barbara A.; Gillespie, Stephen H. Infection: Microbiology and Management. Wiley-Blackwell. 2006. ISBN 1-4051-2665-5.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

细胞内寄生物

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细胞内寄生物

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兼性寄生物

专性寄生物

营养

敏感性

参见

参考