鲤科是鲤形目下种类最多的一个科，包括约200有效属、约2000现生种[1][2]（具体数目随着新发现及相关各科定义的变化，在有关专家学者当中未有定论）。中国共有约132属532种和亚种，其中包括鲤鱼、鲫鱼等常见鱼类。此科鱼的特征是有鱼须、有咽齿没脂鳍。鲤科一族分布于欧亚大陆、北美、非洲。最大的鲤鱼—巨暹罗鲤（Catlocarpio siamensis）可以长到3米长，300公斤。黄鳍结鱼（Tor putitora），可以长到2.75米长，54公斤。结鱼（Tor tor），可以长到2米长，9公斤。在北美分支中的尖头叶唇鱼（Ptychocheilus lucius）单体记录为1.8米长，45公斤。
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与之相对的，有很多种类的体长不足5厘米。透体小鿕发育成熟后体长仅11毫米，而2006年发现的微鲤更仅有7.9毫米。鲤科的所有成员均为卵生，大部分不保护他们的卵。但是，有一些种类建鱼窝或护卵。鳑鲏类的鱼会将卵产于贝类体内，新生的小鱼直到有能力生存后才离开寄主。
本科鱼外观体型差异极大。一般为纺锤形或长形，侧扁或稍侧扁，口由前上颔骨与下颔骨组成，能伸缩。上下颔皆无齿，但由最后一对鳃之腹面特化成1至3行咽头齿，每行少于8枚齿，与头骨腹面的角质后垫形成咀嚼构造。通常具有1至2对须或无须。背鳍1枚，其前部有2至4根不分枝鳍条，腹鳍腹位，尾鳍叉形或深叉形。体被圆鳞，少数种类鳞片变小或退化。腹鳍基部一般均具有狭长腋鳞。
- Abbottina binhi
- 拉林棒花鱼 Abbottina lalinensis
- 辽宁棒花鱼 Abbottina liaoningensis
- 钝吻棒花鱼 Abbottina obtusirostris
- 棒花鱼 Abbottina rivularis
- 斯氏棒花鱼 Abbottina springeri
- 刺𬶋 Acanthogobio guentheri
- 坦噶尼喀魮 Acapoeta tanganicae
- 北梭短吻鱼 Albulichthys albuloides
- 阿氏钝齿鱼 Amblypharyngodon atkinsonii
- 泰国钝齿鱼 Amblypharyngodon chulabhornae
- 钝齿鱼 Amblypharyngodon melettinus ：又称赤嵌钝齿鱼。
- 印度钝齿鱼 Amblypharyngodon microlepis
- 磨齿钝齿鱼 Amblypharyngodon mola
- Amblyrhynchichthys micracanthus
- 截尾钝吻魮 Amblyrhynchichthys truncatus
- 半盲近金线鲃 Anchicyclocheilus halfibindus
- 杰伊异𫚔 Aspidoparia jaya
- 异𫚔 Aspidoparia morar
- 乌克鲁异𫚔 Aspidoparia ukhrulensis
- 新疆扁吻鱼 Aspiorhynchus laticeps ：又称新疆大头鱼。
- Aspius aspius
- Aspius vorax
- 管臀鱼 Aulopyge huegelii Heckel, 1843[3]
- Balantiocheilos ambusticauda Ng & Kottelat 2007 [4]
- 黑鳍袋唇鱼 Balantiocheilos melanopterus (Bleeker, 1850)，基异名：Barbus melanopterus Bleeker, 1850
- 光髯魮 Barbichthys laevis (Valenciennes, 1842)，基异名：Barbus laevis Valenciennes, 1842
- 布氏拟四须魮 Barboides britzi
- 细拟四须魮 Barboides gracilis
- 高身四须魮 Barbonymus altus
- 似巴勒四须魮 Barbonymus balleroides
- 科氏四须魮 Barbonymus collingwoodii
- 爪哇四须魮 Barbonymus gonionotus ：又称乔氏四须魮。
- 施氏魮 Barbonymus schwanenfeldii ：又称施瓦氏四须魮。
- 德氏小髯魮 Barbopsis devecchii
- 贝克氏低线𫚭 Barilius bakeri
- 滇西低线𫚭 Barilius barila ：又称芒氏鿕。
- 巴纳低线𫚭 Barilius barna
- 本迪尔低线𫚭 Barilius bendilisis
- 伯纳特低线𫚭 Barilius bernatziki
- Barilius bonarensis
- 博尔尼低线𫚭 Barilius borneensis
- 卡尼亚尔低线𫚭 Barilius canarensis ：又名印度真马口波鱼
- 斑尾低线𫚭 Barilius caudiocellatues
- Barilius chatricensis
- 松河低线𫚭 Barilius dimorphicus
- 多氏低线𫚭 Barilius dogarsinghi
- 伊夫氏低线𫚭 Barilius evezardi
- 盖茨山低线𫚭 Barilius gatensis
- 泰国低线𫚭 Barilius huahinensis
- Barilius infrafasciatus
- Barilius lairokensis
- 中河低线𫚭 Barilius mesopotamicus
- 静低线𫚭 Barilius modestus
- Barilius naseeri
- Barilius nelsoni
- Barilius ngawa
- 饰妆低线𫚭 Barilius ornatus
- 糙低线𫚭 Barilius ponticulus
- Barilius pakistanicus
- Barilius ponticulus
- 辐边低线𫚭 Barilius radiolatus
- 印度低线𫚭 Barilius shacra
- 蒂莱低线𫚭 Barilius tileo
- 漫游低线𫚭 Barilius vagra
- 似䱻 Belligobio nummifer
- 彭县似䱻 Belligobio pengxianensis
- Betadevario ramachandrani Pramod, Fang, Rema Devi, Liao, Indra, Jameela Beevi & Kullander, 2010[5]
- Bhava vittata ，原为Puntius vittata[6]
- Biwia tama
- Biwia yodoensis
- 琵琶湖𬶋 Biwia zezera
- 白氏泰波鱼 Boraras brigittae
- 斑纹泰波鱼 Boraras maculatus
- 小泰波鱼 Boraras merah ：又称红体波鱼。
- 三斑泰波鱼 Boraras micros
- 斑点泰波鱼 Boraras naevus
- 拟尾眼泰波鱼 Boraras urophthalmoides ：又称似睛尾波鱼。
Brevibora Liao, Kullander & Fang, 2010[7]
- Brevibora cheeya Liao & Tan, 2011[8]
- 背点波鱼 Brevibora dorsiocellata (Duncker, 1904)
- Brevibora exilis Liao & Tan, 2014[9]
- 沙特阿拉伯魮 Carasobarbus apoensis
- 类犬魮 Carasobarbus canis
- 钱特氏魮 Carasobarbus chantrei
- 逐魮 Carasobarbus exulatus
- 黄体魮 Carasobarbus luteus
- 须鲫 Carassioides acuminatus
- Carassioides argentea
- Carassioides macropterus
- Carassius auratus argenteaphthalmus
- 鲫 Carassius auratus auratus
- 布氏鲫 Carassius auratus burgeri
- 大眼鲫 Carassius auratus grandoculis ：又称长背鲫。
- 兰氏鲫 Carassius auratus langsdorfii
- 黑鲫 Carassius carassius
- 高身鲫 Carassius cuvieri ：又称日本白鲫。
- 银鲫 Carassius gibelio
- 卡特拉魮 Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822)，为Gibelion catla (Hamilton, 1822)的异名
- 巨暹罗鲤 Catlocarpio siamensis Boulenger, 1898：又称暹罗印度鲤。[10]
- 贝利氏沙昆鲤 Chagunius baileyi
- 沙昆鲤 Chagunius chagunio
- 尼氏沙昆鲤 Chagunius nicholsi
- 元宝鳊 Chela cachius
- Chela khujairokensis
- 比氏埃塞鱼 Chelaethiops bibie ：又称短臀埃塞鱼。
- 康吉埃塞鱼 Chelaethiops congicus
- 长体埃塞鱼 Chelaethiops elongatus
- 小埃塞鱼 Chelaethiops minutus
- 鲁夸湖埃塞鱼 Chelaethiops rukwaensis
- 骨唇黄河鱼 Chuanchia labiosa Herzenstein, 1891[11]
- 贝尔氏魮 Clypeobarbus bellcrossi
- Clypeobarbus bomokandi
- 康吉魮 Clypeobarbus congicus
- 高鳞魮 Clypeobarbus hypsolepis
- 腹鳞魮 Clypeobarbus pleuropholis
- 拟颌齿魮 Clypeobarbus pseudognathodon
- 斯考特氏魮 Clypeobarbus schoutedeni
- 巴门褶吻鲮 Cophecheilus bamen Zhu, Zhang, Zhang & Han, 2011[12]
- 短须褶吻鲮 Cophecheilus brevibarbatus He, Huang, He & Yang, 2015
- 皮氏裂口须魮 Coptostomabarbus bellcrossi
- 裂口须魮 Coptostomabarbus wittei
- 细铜鱼 Coreius cetopsis
- 圆口铜鱼 Coreius guichenoti
- 铜鱼 Coreius heterodon
- 北方铜鱼 Coreius septentrionalis
- 高丽雅罗鱼 Coreoleuciscus splendidus Mori, 1935[13]
- 红鳍方口魮 Cosmochilus cardinalis
- 镰状方口魮 Cosmochilus falcifer
- 哈氏方口魮 Cosmochilus harmandi
- 南腊方口魮 Cosmochilus nanlaensis
- 天竺圆唇鱼 Cyclocheilichthys apogon
- 圆唇鱼 Cyclocheilichthys armatus
- 盔圆唇鱼 Cyclocheilichthys enoplus
- 泰国圆唇鱼 Cyclocheilichthys furcatus
- 异丝圆唇鱼 Cyclocheilichthys heteronema
- 詹氏圆唇鱼 Cyclocheilichthys janthochir
- 拉氏圆唇鱼 Cyclocheilichthys lagleri
- 斜口圆唇鱼 Cyclocheilichthys repasson
- Cyclocheilichthys schoppeae
- 中华圆唇鱼 Cyclocheilichthys sinensis
- 也门似真小鲤 Cyprinion acinaces acinaces
- 希贾兹似真小鲤 Cyprinion acinaces hijazi
- 伊拉克似真小鲤 Cyprinion kais
- 大口似真小鲤 Cyprinion macrostomus
- 沙特似真小鲤 Cyprinion mhalensis
- 小眼似真小鲤 Cyprinion microphthalmum
- 迈氏似真小鲤 Cyprinion milesi
- Cyprinion semiplotum
- 细线似真小鲤 Cyprinion tenuiradius
- 华生似真小鲤 Cyprinion watsoni
- Danionella cerebrum Britz, Conway & Rüber, 2021[14]
- 德古拉小鿕 Danionella dracula ：又称德古拉鱼、小吸血鬼鱼
- Danionella mirifica
- Danionella priapus
- 透体小鿕 Danionella translucida
也称大斑马鱼属、神鿕属、德瓦鿕属。
- Devario acrostomus
- 尖头大鿕 Devario acuticephala :又称尖头斑马鱼、尖头神鿕
- 波条大鿕 Devario aequipinnatus ：又称波条神鿕、线纹鿕，也可称大班马鱼
- Devario affinis
- 阿氏大鿕 Devario ahlanderi Kullander & Norén, 2022[15]：又称阿氏德瓦鿕。
- 安娜大鿕 Devario annandalei
- Devario anomalus
- 缺须大鿕 Devario apogon
- Devario apopyris
- 阿萨姆大鿕 Devario assamensis
- 黄紫大鿕 Devario auropurpureus ：又称紫金斑马鱼、蓝琉璃斑马鱼、紫钻琉璃灯、黄紫神鿕、紫金非鲤、紫金茵莱湖鲤、琉璃燕子
- 德瓦大鿕 Devario browni
- 金线大鿕 Devario chrysotaeniatus ：又称金线大斑马鱼、金线神鿕
- Devario devario
- 方芳大鿕 Devario fangfangae [注 1]
- 弗雷泽氏大鿕 Devario fraseri
- Devario gibber
- Devario horai
- 半线大鿕 Devario interruptus ：又称红彩斑马鱼、虹彩斑马鱼、半线神鿕
- 红蚌大鿕 Devario kakhienensis
- 老挝大鿕 Devario laoensis ：又称麦氏大鿕。
- Devario leptos
- 泰国大鿕 Devario maetaengensis ：又称湄塘河非鲤、湄塘河茵莱湖鲤
- 细线大鿕 Devario malabaricus ：又称大班马鱼、马拉巴大班马鱼、马拉巴尔斑马鱼、大神鿕、马拉巴鿕
- 印度大鿕 Devario manipurensis
- 那加大鿕 Devario naganensis
- 尼尔大鿕 Devario neilgherriensis
- 斯里兰卡大鿕 Devario pathirana
- Devario peninsulae
- 皇大鿕 Devario regina ：又称皇神鿕
- Devario salmonata
- 沙姆大鿕 Devario shanensis ：又称掸邦德瓦鿕、沙姆神鿕、掸邦非鲤
- 桑氏大鿕 Devario sondhii ：又称火红金线斑马鱼、火兔斑马鱼、桑氏神鿕
- 棘大鿕 Devario spinosus
- Devario strigillifer
- Devario suvatti
- Devario xyrops
- Devario yuensis
- Diplocheilichthys jentinkii
- 侧带纹唇鱼 Diplocheilichthys pleurotaenia
- 斑重唇鱼 Diptychus maculatus
- 西氏重唇鱼 Diptychus sewerzowi
- 阿氏盘齿魮 Discherodontus ashmeadi
- 黑氏盘齿魮 Discherodontus halei
- 小四须魮 Discherodontus parvus
- 施氏盘齿魮 Discherodontus schroederi
- 多鳞盘唇鱼 Discocheilus multilepis
- 伍氏盘唇鱼 Discocheilus wui
- Discogobio antethoracalis
- 双珠盘𬶋 Discogobio bismargaritus
- 短鳔盘𬶋 Discogobio brachyphysallidos
- Discogobio caobangi
- Discogobio dienbieni
- 长体盘𬶋 Discogobio elongatus
- 宽头盘𬶋 Discogobio laticeps
- 长须盘𬶋 Discogobio longibarbatus
- 长鳔盘𬶋 Discogobio macrophysallidos ：又称多鳞盘𬶋。
- Discogobio microstoma
- 多线盘𬶋 Discogobio multilineatus
- Discogobio pacboensis
- Discogobio poneventralis
- Discogobio propeanalis
- 四须盘𬶋 Discogobio tetrabarbatus
- 云南盘𬶋 Discogobio yunnanensis
- Discolabeo wuluoheensis Li, Lu & Mao, 1996
- Eirmotus furvus
- Eirmotus insignis
- Eirmotus isthmus
- 十带连理鱥 Eirmotus octozona
- 短臀鳀波鱼 Engraulicypris brevianalis
- Engraulicypris gariepinus Barnard, 1943 [16]
- Engraulicypris howesi Riddin, Bills & Villet, 2016 [16]
- Engraulicypris ngalala Riddin, Bills & Villet, 2016[16]
- 沙丁鳀波鱼 Engraulicypris sardella
- 双色角鱼 Epalzeorhynchus bicolor
- 须唇角鱼 Epalzeorhynchus frenatum
- 丽鳍角鱼 Epalzeorhynchus kalopterus
- 泰国双角鱼 Epalzeorhynchus munense
- 阿尔氏长须鿕 Esomus ahli
- 阿尔特斯氏长须鿕 Esomus altus
- 髯长须鿕 Esomus barbatus
- 睛尾长须鿕 Esomus caudiocellatus
- 长须鿕 Esomus danricus
- 线纹长须鿕 Esomus lineatus
- 长身长须鿕 Esomus longimanus
- Esomus malabaricus
- 马来亚长须鿕 Esomus malayensis
- Esomus manipurensis
- 金长须鿕 Esomus metallicus
- 野长须鿕 Esomus thermoicos
- Fangfangia spinicleithralis Britz, Kottelat & Tan, 2012[17]
- 瓣结鱼 Folifer brevifilis (Peters, 1881)：又称海南瓣结鱼。
- 稀有𬶋鲫 Gobiocypris rarus Ye & Fu, 1983
- 新疆裸重唇鱼 Gymnodiptychus dybowskii
- 全裸裸重唇鱼 Gymnodiptychus integrigymnatus
- 厚唇裸重唇鱼 Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus pachycheilus
- Haludaria afasciata (Jayaram, 1990)
- Haludaria fasciata (Jerdon, 1849)
- Haludaria kannikattiensis (Arunachalam & Johnson, 2003)
- Haludaria melanampyx (Day, 1865)
- 裂峡魮 Hampala ampalong
- 双斑裂峡魮 Hampala bimaculata
- 异裂峡魮 Hampala dispar
- 洛氏裂峡魮 Hampala lopezi
- 大鳞裂峡魮 Hampala macrolepidota
- Hampala sabana
- 萨尔温裂峡魮 Hampala salweenensis
- Hemigrammocapoeta culiciphaga
- 美丽半墨头鱼 Hemigrammocapoeta elegans
- 凯氏半线二须魮 Hemigrammocapoeta kemali
- 矮半线二须魮 Hemigrammocapoeta nana
- Henicorhynchus lineatus
- Henicorhynchus lobatus
- Henicorhynchus ornatipinnis (Roberts, 1997)
- 暹罗单吻鱼 Henicorhynchus siamensis (Sauvage, 1881)[18]
- 'Henicorhynchus' thaitui Nguyen, Ho, Hoang, Wu & Zhang, 2020[19]
- 小头高原鱼 Herzensteinia microcephalus (Herzenstein, 1891)
- 板么红水鱼 Hongshuia banmo
- 大眼红水鱼 Hongshuia megalophthalmus
- 小口红水鱼 Hongshuia microstomatus ：又名小口华缨鱼
- 袍里红水鱼 Hongshuia paoli
- 绿霍氏鱼 Horadandia atukorali Deraniyagala, 1943[20]
- 布氏霍氏鱼 Horadandia brittani Rema Devi & Menon, 1992[20]
- Horalabiosa arunachalami
- 霍氏唇魮 Horalabiosa joshuai
- 印度霍氏唇魮 Horalabiosa palaniensis
也称茵莱湖鲤属。
- 杰氏斑马鱼 Inlecypris jayarami (Barman, 1985)：又称萨尔温江非鲤、雅氏茵莱湖鲤
- 伊朗盲鲤 Iranocypris typhlops
- 婆罗鲤 Kalimantania lawak (Bleeker, 1855)，基异名为Systomus lawak Bleeker, 1855
- Kosswigobarbus kosswigi (Ladiges, 1960)，为Carasobarbus kosswigi (Ladiges, 1960)的异名
- 布氏波鱼 Kottelatia brittani (Axelrod, 1976)，基异名：Rasbora brittani Axelrod, 1976
- Labeobarbus acutirostris
- 小口魮 Labeobarbus aeneus
- 宽口魮 Labeobarbus aspius
- 贝茨氏魮 Labeobarbus batesii
- Labeobarbus brevicauda
- Labeobarbus brevicephalus
- 短刺魮 Labeobarbus brevispinis
- 岬魮 Labeobarbus capensis
- 卡多朿氏魮 Labeobarbus cardozoi
- 尾纹魮 Labeobarbus caudovittatus
- 科林顿氏魮 Labeobarbus codringtonii
- 康皮氏魮 Labeobarbus compiniei
- Labeobarbus crassibarbis
- Labeobarbus dainellii
- Labeobarbus gorgorensis
- Labeobarbus gorguari
- 哈伯氏魮 Labeobarbus habereri
- 间魮 Labeobarbus intermedius ：又称澳洲间魮。
- 约氏魮 Labeobarbus johnstonii
- 大口魮 Labeobarbus kimberleyensis
- 纤魮 Labeobarbus litamba
- Labeobarbus longissimus
- 梭魮 Labeobarbus lucius
- Labeobarbus macrophtalmus
- 软刺魮 Labeobarbus malacanthus
- 大鳞黄魮 Labeobarbus marequensis
- 姆巴氏魮 Labeobarbus mbami
- Labeobarbus megastoma
- 细丝魮 Labeobarbus micronema
- 蒙戈魮 Labeobarbus mungoensis
- 南非魮 Labeobarbus natalensis
- Labeobarbus nedgia
- Labeobarbus nthuwa
- Labeobarbus osseensis
- Labeobarbus platydorsus
- 细鳞黄魮 Labeobarbus polylepis
- 始祖魮 Labeobarbus progenys
- 罗卡氏魮 Labeobarbus rocadasi
- 罗伊氏魮 Labeobarbus roylii
- Labeobarbus surkis
- Labeobarbus truttiformis
- Labeobarbus tsanensis
- Labeobarbus versluysii
- Labiobarbus cyanopareja
- 条纹长背魮 Labiobarbus fasciatus
- 长背魮 Labiobarbus festivus
- 薄长背魮 Labiobarbus lamellifer
- 细唇长背魮 Labiobarbus leptocheilus ：又称居氏长背魮、缅甸长背魮。
- Labiobarbus lineatus
- 睛斑长背魮 Labiobarbus ocellatus
- 沙巴长背魮 Labiobarbus sabanus
- 暹罗长背魮 Labiobarbus siamensis ：又称胸斑长背魮。
- 平口𬶋 Ladislavia taczanowskii
- 眼点元宝鳊 Laubuka caeruleostigmata
- 印度元宝鳊 Laubuka dadiburjori
- 条纹元宝鳊 Laubuka fasciata
- Laubuka insularis
- Laubuka lankensis
- 翼元宝鳊 Laubuka laubuca
- Laubuka ruhuna
- Laubuka varuna
- 何氏细须魮 Leptobarbus hoevenii
- 霍氏细须魮 Leptobarbus hosii
- 暗鳍细须魮 Leptobarbus melanopterus
- 暗带细须魮 Leptobarbus melanotaenia
- 红鳍细须魮 Leptobarbus rubripinna
- 缨瘦波鱼 Leptocypris crossensis
- 几内亚瘦波鱼 Leptocypris guineensis
- 孔库瘦波鱼 Leptocypris konkoureensis
- 卢氏瘦波鱼 Leptocypris lujae
- 瘦波鱼 Leptocypris modestus
- 尼罗河瘦波鱼 Leptocypris niloticus ：又称尼罗低线𫚭。
- 泰恩瘦波鱼 Leptocypris taiaensis
- 威氏瘦波鱼 Leptocypris weeksii ：又称威氏长嘴𫚭。
- 韦氏瘦波鱼 Leptocypris weynsii
- 宽头四须魮 Linichthys laticeps ，宽头林氏鲃，宽头四须鲃
- 博氏魮 Luciobarbus bocagei
- 短头魮 Luciobarbus brachycephalus
- 团头魮 Luciobarbus capito ：又称锥首魮。
- 黑海魮 Luciobarbus caspius
- 伊比利亚魮 Luciobarbus comizo
- 埃氏魮 Luciobarbus escherichii
- 犬魮 Luciobarbus esocinus
- 希腊魮 Luciobarbus graecus
- 格雷尔氏魮 Luciobarbus graelsii
- 圭拉魮 Luciobarbus guiraonis
- Luciobarbus kersin
- 科斯氏魮 Luciobarbus kosswigi
- Luciobarbus kottelati
- Luciobarbus lydianus
- 小头魮 Luciobarbus microcephalus
- 三叶魮 Luciobarbus mursa ：又称稷魮、古拉河鲤。
- Luciobarbus mystaceus
- Luciobarbus pectoralis
- 斯克莱氏魮 Luciobarbus sclateri
- 斯氏魮 Luciobarbus steindachneri
- Luciobarbus xanthopterus
- 单纹拟鳡 Luciocyprinus langsoni
- 细纹拟鳡 Luciocyprinus striolatus
- Macrhybopsis aestivalis (Girard, 1856)
- Macrhybopsis australis (Hubbs & Ortenburger, 1929)
- Macrhybopsis boschungi Gilbert & Mayden, 2017[21]
- Macrhybopsis etnieri Gilbert & Mayden, 2017[21]
- Macrhybopsis gelida (Girard, 1856)
- Macrhybopsis hyostoma (Gilbert, 1884)[21]
- Macrhybopsis marconis (Jordan & Gilbert, 1886)
- Macrhybopsis meeki (Jordan & Evermann, 1896)
- Macrhybopsis pallida Gilbert & Mayden, 2017[21]
- Macrhybopsis storeriana (Kirtland, 1845)
- Macrhybopsis tetranema (Gilbert, 1886)
- Macrhybopsis tomellerii Gilbert & Mayden, 2017[21]
- Mekongina bibarba
- 湄公鱼 Mekongina erythrospila
- Mekongina lancangensis
- 鸭绿江中𬶋 Mesogobio lachneri
- 图们江中𬶋 Mesogobio tumenensis
- Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi
也称小徳瓦鿕属、小大斑马鱼属。
- 盖氏小德鱼 Microdevario gatesi ：盖氏小波鱼
- 库氏小德鱼 Microdevario kubotai ：久保田氏小波鱼
- 小眼小德鱼 Microdevario microphthalma ：小眼小波鱼
- 微小德鱼 Microdevario nana ：微小波鱼
- 红身小波鱼 Microrasbora rubescens
- 银色长臀魮 Mystacoleucus argenteus
- 黑背鳍长臀魮 Mystacoleucus atridorsalis
- 月斑长臀魮 Mystacoleucus chilopterus
- Mystacoleucus ectypus
- Mystacoleucus greenwayi
- 细尾长臀魮 Mystacoleucus lepturus
- 长臀魮 Mystacoleucus marginatus
- 帕当长臀魮 Mystacoleucus padangensis
- 似龟结鱼 Naziritor chelynoides
- 巴基斯坦结鱼 Naziritor zhobensis ：又称若布河纳结鱼
- 阿里线纹鳊 Nematabramis alestes
- 婆罗洲线纹鳊 Nematabramis borneensis
- 埃氏线纹鳊 Nematabramis everetti
- 斯氏线纹鳊 Nematabramis steindachneri
- 逊线纹鳊 Nematabramis verecundus
- 新波鱼 Neobola bottegoi
- 河溪新波鱼 Neobola fluviatilis
- Neobola kinondo Bart, Schmidt, Nyingi & Gathua, 2019[22]
- 尼罗新波鱼 Neobola nilotica
- 星新波鱼 Neobola stellae
- Neolissochilus acutirostris Arunachalam, Sivakumar & Murugan, 2017
- 保山四须魮 Neolissochilus baoshanensis (Chen & Yang, 1999)：宝山新光唇鱼。
- 软鳍四须魮 Neolissochilus benasi (Pellegrin & Chevey, 1936)：又称软鳍新光唇鱼。
- Neolissochilus blanci (Pellegrin & Fang, 1940)
- 布莱斯新光唇鱼 Neolissochilus blythii (Day, 1870)
- Neolissochilus bovanicus (Day, 1877)
- Neolissochilus capudelphinus Arunachalam, Sivakumar & Murugan, 2017[23]
- 窄身新光唇鱼 Neolissochilus compressus (Day, 1870)
- 杜氏新光唇鱼 Neolissochilus dukai (Day, 1878)
- 亨氏新光唇鱼 Neolissochilus hendersoni
- 异口四须魮 Neolissochilus heterostomus
- 墨脱四须魮 Neolissochilus hexagonolepis ：又称小鳞光唇鱼。
- Neolissochilus hexastichus
- 长翅新光唇鱼 Neolissochilus longipinnis
- Neolissochilus namlenensis
- 黑纹新光唇鱼 Neolissochilus nigrovittatus
- 少鳞新光唇鱼 Neolissochilus paucisquamatus
- Neolissochilus pnar Dahanukar, Sundar, Rangad, Proudlove & Raghavan, 2023[24]
- 似丘新光唇鱼 Neolissochilus soroides
- 大棘新光唇鱼 Neolissochilus spinulosus
- 斯氏新光唇鱼 Neolissochilus stevensonii
- 史氏新光唇鱼 Neolissochilus stracheyi
- Neolissochilus subterraneus
- 苏门答腊新光唇鱼 Neolissochilus sumatranus ：又称苏门答腊光唇鱼。
- 蒂氏新光唇鱼 Neolissochilus thienemanni
- 特氏新光唇鱼 Neolissochilus tweediei
- 饰带新光唇鱼 Neolissochilus vittatus
- Nicholsicypris dorsohorizontalis
- 拟细鲫 Nicholsicypris normalis
- Opsaridium boweni
- 似鳀马口波鱼 Opsaridium engrauloides
- 勒氏马口波鱼 Opsaridium leleupi
- 洛氏马口波鱼 Opsaridium loveridgei
- 斑尾马口波鱼 Opsaridium maculicauda
- 小头马口波鱼 Opsaridium microcephalum
- 小鳞马口波鱼 Opsaridium microlepis
- 佩氏马口波鱼 Opsaridium peringueyi
- Opsaridium splendens
- 马拉维马口波鱼 Opsaridium tweddleorum
- 乌斑吉河马口波鱼 Opsaridium ubangense
- 马口波鱼 Opsaridium zambezense
- Opsarius cocsa
- 泰国真马口波鱼 Opsarius koratensis ：又称孟力腊鿕、南尼低线𫚭。
- 丽色低线𫚭 Opsarius pulchellus
- 葡萄真马口波鱼 Opsarius putaoensis[25]]]
- 山魮 Oreichthys cosuatis ：又称库尔格无须魮。
- Oreichthys crenuchoides
- Oreichthys parvus
- 嗜鰕截颌鲤 Ospatulus palaemophagus
- 截颌鲤 Ospatulus truncatulus
- 短背鳍纹唇鱼 Osteochilichthys brevidorsalis
- 斯氏尖裸鲤 Oxygymnocypris stewartii (Lloyd, 1908)，基异名：Schizopygopsis stewartii Lloyd, 1908
- 红宝石微鲤 Paedocypris carbunculus
- 细小微鲤 Paedocypris micromegethes
- 微鲤 Paedocypris progenetica 是目前已知最小的鱼种。
- Paleoschizothorax diluculum Yang, Liang, Cai, Chen, Han, Gu, Wang, Bao & Yan, 2022[26]
- 似刺鳊𬶋 Paracanthobrama guichenoti Bleeker, 1864
- 尖副穗唇魮 Paracrossochilus acerus
- 饰带副穗唇魮 Paracrossochilus vittatus
- 条纹似白𬶋 Paraleucogobio strigatus
- Parapsilorhynchus discophorus
- 长身副裸吻鱼 Parapsilorhynchus elongatus
- 普氏副裸吻鱼 Parapsilorhynchus prateri
- Parapsilorhynchus swaini Baliarsingh & Kosygin, 2017[27]
- 触角副裸吻鱼 Parapsilorhynchus tentaculatus
- 台湾副细鲫 Pararasbora moltrechti
- 异华鲮 Parasinilabeo assimilis
- Parasinilabeo longibarbus
- 长体异华鲮 Parasinilabeo longicorpus
- 长鳍异华鲮 Parasinilabeo longiventralis
- Parasinilabeo maculatus
- Parasinilabeo microps
- 袋唇鱼 Paraspinibarbus alloiopleurus
- 鲸形密耙鱼 Pectenocypris balaena
- 密耙鱼 Pectenocypris korthausae
- Pectenocypris micromysticetus
- Pectenocypris nigra Wibowo, Ahnelt & Kertamihardja, 2016[28]
- 安氏坑鱼 Phreatichthys andruzzii
- Placogobio bacmeensis
- Placogobio nahangensis
- 扁咽齿鱼 Platypharodon extremus
- 片唇𬶋 Platysmacheilus exiguus
- 长须片唇𬶋 Platysmacheilus longibarbatus
- 裸腹片唇𬶋 Platysmacheilus nudiventris Lo, Yao et Chen[29]
- 镇江片唇𬶋 Platysmacheilus zhenjiangensis [29]
- Plesiopuntius bimaculatus ，原为Puntius bimaculatus[6]
- 穗须原魮 Probarbus jullieni
- 大唇原魮 Probarbus labeamajor
- 小唇原魮 Probarbus labeaminor
- 乌原鲤 Procypris merus
- 岩原鲤 Procypris rabaudi
- 黑前眼野鲮 Prolabeops melanhypoptera
- Prolabeops nyongensis
- 非洲拟魮 Pseudobarbus afer
- 糙拟魮 Pseudobarbus asper
- 拟魮 Pseudobarbus burchelli ：又称伯切尔氏魮。
- 伯氏拟魮 Pseudobarbus burgi
- 涌拟魮 Pseudobarbus phlegethon
- 夸氏拟魮 Pseudobarbus quathlambae
- 细拟魮 Pseudobarbus tenuis
- 巴马拟缨鱼 Pseudocrossocheilus bamaensis ：又名巴马穗唇鲃、巴马穗唇魮
- 柳城拟缨鱼 Pseudocrossocheilus liuchengensis
- Pseudocrossocheilus longibullus
- Pseudocrossocheilus nigrovittatus
- Pseudocrossocheilus papillolabrus
- 三齿拟缨鱼 Pseudocrossocheilus tridentis ：又名三齿华缨鱼
- Pseudogobio banggiangensis
- 长吻似𬶋 Pseudogobio esocinus
- 桂林似𬶋 Pseudogobio guilinensis
- 似𬶋 Pseudogobio vaillanti
- 长沟泉水鱼 Pseudogyrinocheilus longisulcus Zheng, Chen et Yang, 2010[30]
- 泉水鱼 Pseudogyrinocheilus prochilus
- 暗色拟扁吻𬶋 Pseudopungtungia nigra
- 细拟扁吻𬶋 Pseudopungtungia tenuicorpus
- 长麦穗鱼 Pseudorasbora elongata
- 断线麦穗鱼 Pseudorasbora interrupta
- 麦穗鱼 Pseudorasbora parva ：又称罗汉鱼。
- 北方麦穗鱼 Pseudorasbora pumila ：又称大麦穗鱼。
- 靖西拟金线魮 Pseudosinocyclocheilus jinxiensis
- 卷口鱼 Ptychidio jordani
- 长须卷口鱼 Ptychidio longibarbus
- 大眼卷口鱼 Ptychidio macrops
- 中甸叶须鱼 Ptychobarbus chungtienensis ：又称中甸重唇鱼。
- 锥吻叶须鱼 Ptychobarbus conirostris ：又称锥吻重唇鱼。
- 双须叶须鱼 Ptychobarbus dipogon ：又称双须重唇鱼。
- 裸腹叶须鱼 Ptychobarbus kaznakovi ：又称裸腹重唇鱼。
- 扁吻𬶋 Pungtungia herzi
- Pungtungia hilgendorfi
- Pungtungia shiraii
- Puntigrus anchisporus (Vaillant, 1902)
- Puntigrus navjotsodhii (Tan, 2012)[31]
- Puntigrus partipentazona (Fowler, 1934)
- Puntigrus pulcher (Rendahl, 1922)
- Puntigrus tetrazona (Bleeker, 1855)
- 印尼魮鲤 Puntioplites bulu
- 镰魮鲤 Puntioplites falcifer
- 魮鲤 Puntioplites proctozystron
- 爪哇魮鲤 Puntioplites waandersi
- Rasboroides nigromarginatus (Meinken, 1957)
- Rasboroides pallidus Deraniyagala, 1958[32]
- Rasboroides rohani Batuwita, de Silva & Edirisinghe, 2013[33]
- 珠点波鱼 Rasboroides vaterifloris Deraniyagala, 1930[32]
- 污斑波鱼 Rasbosoma spilocerca (Rainboth & Kottelat, 1987)
- 新耙波拉鱼 Rastrineobola argentea
- Rectoris longifinus
- 泸溪直口鲮 Rectoris luxiensis
- 变形直口鲮 Rectoris mutabilis
- 直口鲮 Rectoris posehensis
- 圆筒吻𬶋 Rhinogobio cylindricus
- 湖南吻𬶋 Rhinogobio hunanensis
- 大鼻吻𬶋 Rhinogobio nasutus
- 吻𬶋 Rhinogobio typus
- 长鳍吻𬶋 Rhinogobio ventralis
- Rohanella titteya ，原为Puntius titteya[6]
- 小鳞罗塔魮 Rohteichthys microlepis
- Romanogobio albipinnatus
- 黄河罗马诺𬶋 Romanogobio amplexilabris
- Romanogobio antipai
- Romanogobio banaticus
- Romanogobio belingi
- Romanogobio benacensis
- Romanogobio ciscaucasicus
- Romanogobio elimeius
- 山西罗马诺𬶋 Romanogobio johntreadwelli
- Romanogobio kesslerii
- Romanogobio macropterus
- Romanogobio parvus
- Romanogobio pentatrichus
- Romanogobio persus
- Romanogobio skywalkeri Friedrich, Wiesner, Zangl, Daill, Freyhof & Koblmüller, 2018[34]
- Romanogobio tanaiticus
- 薄身罗马诺𬶋 Romanogobio tenuicorpus
- Romanogobio uranoscopus
- Romanogobio vladykovi
- 辽河突吻𬶋 Rostrogobio liaohensis
- 恰拉库德伊无须魮 Sahyadria chalakkudiensis
- 丹尼氏无须魮 Sahyadria denisonii
- 蛇𬶋 Saurogobio dabryi
- 长蛇𬶋 Saurogobio dumerili
- 细尾蛇𬶋 Saurogobio gracilicaudatus
- 光唇蛇𬶋 Saurogobio gymnocheilus
- 无斑蛇𬶋 Saurogobio immaculatus
- 滑唇蛇𬶋 Saurogobio lissilabris
- 湘江蛇𬶋 Saurogobio xiangjiangensis
- 闪光鱥 Sawbwa resplendens Annandale, 1918
- 刺鳍铲齿鱼 Scaphiodonichthys acanthopterus
- Scaphiodonichthys burmanicus
- 长鳍白甲鱼 Scaphiodonichthys macracanthus
- 曼谷类铲颌鱼 Scaphognathops bandanensis
- 斯氏类铲颌鱼 Scaphognathops stejnegeri
- Scaphognathops theunensis
- 印尼裂吻鱼 Schismatorhynchos endecarhapis Siebert & Tjakrawidjaja, 1998
- 异裂吻鱼 Schismatorhynchos heterorhynchos (Bleeker, 1854)
- 马来亚裂吻鱼 Schismatorhynchos holorhynchos Siebert & Tjakrawidjaja, 1998
- Schismatorhynchos lobocheilioides Bleeker, 1855
- 裂吻鱼 Schismatorhynchos nukta (Sykes, 1839)
- Schizocypris altidorsalis
- Schizocypris altidorsalis
- 裂鲤 Schizocypris brucei
- 拉氏裂鲤 Schizocypris ladigesi
- 弯额准裂腹鱼 Schizopyge curvifrons ：又称小髭准裂腹鱼、长鳍准裂腹鱼。
- Schizopyge dainellii
- 黑身准裂腹鱼 Schizopyge niger ：又称平额腹鱼。
- 前腹裸裂尻鱼 Schizopygopsis anteriventris
- 柴达木裸裂尻鱼 Schizopygopsis kessleri
- 嘉陵裸裂尻鱼 Schizopygopsis kialingensis
- 软刺裸裂尻鱼 Schizopygopsis malacanthus
- 黄河裸裂尻鱼 Schizopygopsis pylzovi
- 高原裸裂尻鱼 Schizopygopsis stoliczkai
- 温泉裸裂尻鱼 Schizopygopsis thermalis
- 拉萨裸裂尻鱼 Schizopygopsis younghusbandi
- 宝兴裸裂尻鱼 Schizopygopsis malacanthus baoxingensis
- 唇鲮 Semilabeo notabilis
- 暗唇鲮 Semilabeo obscurus
- Semiplotus cirrhosus
- Semiplotus manipurensis
- 缅甸半泳鲤 Semiplotus modestus
- 黄尾短吻鱼 Sikukia flavicaudata
- 短吻鱼 Sikukia gudgeri
- 长须短吻鱼 Sikukia longibarbata
- 史氏短吻鱼 Sikukia stejnegeri
- Sinilabeo binhluensis
- Sinilabeo brevirostris
- 似鲮华鲮 Sinilabeo cirrhinoides
- Sinilabeo hummeli
- 长须华鲮 Sinilabeo longibarbatus
- Sinilabeo longirostris
- 华缨鱼 Sinocrossocheilus guizhouensis
- Sinocrossocheilus labiatus
- Sinocrossocheilus megalophthalmus
- 科氏骨尾鱼 Snyderichthys copei
- Speolabeo hokhanhi Nguyen, Cao, Deng & Zhang, 2018[35]
- Speolabeo musaei (Kottelat & Steiner, 2011)[36]
- 斯普拉特鲤 Spratellicypris palata
- Spinibarbus babeensis
- 锯齿倒刺魮 Spinibarbus denticulatus ：又称多鳞倒刺魮、云南倒刺魮。
- 光倒刺魮 Spinibarbus hollandi ：又称何氏棘魞。
- Spinibarbus maensis
- Spinibarbus nammauensis
- Spinibarbus ovalius
- 中华倒刺魮 Spinibarbus sinensis
- Sundadanio atomus
- 阿氏波鱼 Sundadanio axelrodi
- Sundadanio echinus
- Sundadanio margarition
- Sundadanio gargula
- Sundadanio goblinus
- Sundadanio rubellus
- Sundadanio retiarius
Tanichthys Lin, 1932，也称邓鱼属，
- 白腹唐鱼 Tanichthys albiventris Li, Bohlen & Liao[37]
- 唐鱼 Tanichthys albonubes S. Y. Lin, 1932，种名意为白云，指其模式产地为白云山。[37]
- 黄臀唐鱼 Tanichthys flavianalis Li, Liao & Shen[37]
- 库氏唐鱼 Tanichthys kuehnei Bohlen, Dvorák, Thang & Šlechtová, 2019[38]
- 贤良江唐鱼 Tanichthys micagemmae Freyhof & Herder, 2001
- Tanichthys thacbaensis Nguyen & Ngo, 2001
- 角鱼 Tariqilabeo bicornis
- Tariqilabeo periyarensis
- 多鳞似鲔雅罗鱼 Thynnichthys ploylepis
- 沙特似鲔雅罗鱼 Thynnichthys sandkhol
- 似鲔雅罗鱼 Thynnichthys thynnoides
- 瓦氏似鲔雅罗鱼 Thynnichthys vaillanti
- 纵带波鱼 Trigonopoma gracile
- 红线波鱼 Trigonopoma pauciperforata ：又称捷波鱼。
- 埃氏三角波鱼 Trigonostigma espei (Meinken, 1967)，伊氏波鱼
- 亨氏三角波鱼 Trigonostigma hengeli (Meinken, 1956)，亨氏波鱼
- 黑斑三角波鱼 Trigonostigma heteromorpha (Duncker, 1904), 异形波鱼
- 红身三角波鱼 Trigonostigma somphongsi (Meinken, 1958) ，宋氏波鱼[39]
- 截形三角波鱼 Trigonostigma truncata Tan, 2020
- Troglocyclocheilus khammouanensis Kottelat & Bréhier, 1999[40]
- 裸腹盲魮 Typhlobarbus nudiventris Chu & Chen, 1982[41]
- 盲墨头鱼 Typhlogarra widdowsoni
- 高鳍突吻鱼 Varicorhinus altipinnis
- 安森氏突吻鱼 Varicorhinus ansorgii
- Varicorhinus axelrodi
- 比索突吻鱼 Varicorhinus beso
- 布氏突吻鱼 Varicorhinus brauni
- 仿突吻鱼 Varicorhinus capoetoides
- Varicorhinus clarkeae
- Varicorhinus dimidiatus
- 剑形突吻鱼 Varicorhinus ensifer
- 缨突吻鱼 Varicorhinus fimbriatus
- 凶突吻鱼 Varicorhinus iphthimostoma
- 耶格氏突吻鱼 Varicorhinus jaegeri
- Varicorhinus jubae
- 偏嘴突吻鱼 Varicorhinus latirostris
- 李利突吻鱼 Varicorhinus leleupanus
- 长背突吻鱼 Varicorhinus longidorsalis
- 卢福突吻鱼 Varicorhinus lufupensis
- 大鳞突吻鱼 Varicorhinus macrolepidotus
- 玛丽亚突吻鱼 Varicorhinus mariae
- Varicorhinus maroccanus
- 南非突吻鱼 Varicorhinus nelspruitensis
- 皮氏突吻鱼 Varicorhinus pellegrini
- 平口突吻鱼 Varicorhinus platystomus
- 品味突吻鱼 Varicorhinus pungweensis
- Varicorhinus robertsi
- 卢旺达突吻鱼 Varicorhinus ruandae
- 鲁氏突吻鱼 Varicorhinus ruwenzorii
- 桑氏突吻鱼 Varicorhinus sandersi
- 半网纹突吻鱼 Varicorhinus semireticulatus
- 斯坦氏突吻鱼 Varicorhinus steindachneri
- 直口突吻鱼 Varicorhinus stenostoma
- 托尼氏突吻鱼 Varicorhinus tornieri
- 乌奔突吻鱼 Varicorhinus upembensis
- 尖嘴突吻鱼 Varicorhinus varicostoma
- 沃纳氏突吻鱼 Varicorhinus werneri
- 威氏突吻鱼 Varicorhinus wittei
- Varicorhinus xyrocheilus
- 洛氏奇须鲤 Xenobarbus loveridgei
- 异鳔鳅𬶍 Xenophysogobio boulengeri
- 裸体异鳔鳅𬶍 Xenophysogobio nudicorpa
- 鳐山鲤 Yaoshanicus arcus
- Yaoshanicus kyphus
本科鱼为各国重要的垂钓种及养殖鱼类，多数可食用，颇具经济价值，是合各种烹饪方式。另外一些种类体色艳丽，适合做为观赏鱼。
本科鱼类全部为淡水鱼；不仅种类繁多，其分布也广泛，各种水体皆有其分布。其食性也因鱼种而不同，各种食性之鱼种皆有。
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