纤毛虫 是纤毛虫门 （学名：Ciliophora ）生物的通称，是一类较复杂的原生动物 ，主要特点是以纤毛 作为运动器，细胞核 一般分化出大核（营养）、小核（生殖）、摄食胞器等，无性生殖 为横二分裂 ，有性生殖 为接合生殖 ，生活在淡水或海水中，也有寄生 的[ 1] [ 2] 草履虫 ，小瓜虫 等。
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纤毛虫在分类上比较复杂，尚无统一的定论。按传统的分类，原生动物作为动物界中的一个门 ，纤毛虫为其中的“纤毛纲”（Ciliata），有时也将其列为原生动物门的纤毛亚门，或将原生动物看作动物界的一个亚界，纤毛虫划为一个门 ——纤毛门。[ 2] 汤玛斯·卡弗利尔-史密斯 提出的分类系统则属于囊泡藻界 的“纤毛虫门”（Ciliophora）。
Cell 纤毛虫细胞结构: 1-收缩泡 , 2-食物泡 , 3-大核 , 4-小核 , 5-胞肛 , 6-胞咽 , 7-胞口 , 8-纤毛 .
与其他大部分真核生物 不同，纤毛虫有两种大小不同的核 ：一种是二倍体 的小核 ，负责基因重组 ；另一种是多倍体 的大核 ，负责一般细胞调控。
食物通过胞吞作用 ，经过胞口 胞咽 进入食物泡 ，通过溶酶体 分解使其颗粒变小，能通过膜扩散 入细胞质中，残留在食物泡中的物质在胞肛 处以胞吐作用 排出。
大多数纤毛虫也具有一个或多个突出的收缩泡 ，收集和排出水以维持细胞内渗透压 ，以及维持离子平衡。在某些属中（如草履虫 ），收缩泡有着明显的星状造型，每个星芒都是一个收集管。
纤毛虫都可以进行无性繁殖和有性繁殖。无性繁殖二分裂 方式进行，小核发生有丝分裂 ,大核伸长并分为两半，然后该细胞一分为二。两个新细胞各获得一个大核和一个小核。
与此相反，有性繁殖涉及两个不同交配型 （类似性别 ，但也存在两个以上的交配型）个体之间的结合和遗传物质的交换，这往往发生在食物短缺的时候。
核残迹纲 Corliss，1974 异毛纲 Heterotrichea Stein，1859
Oxytricha trifallax 瓶纤纲 Armophorea Cariacotrichea 叶口纲 Litostomatea Small & Lynn, 1981 属于叶口纲 Vestibuliferida目 小袋虫科 小袋虫属 成员的大肠纤毛虫 （Balantidium coli 活动体 的图像。 Subclass Haptoria (e.g. Didinium
毛口亚纲 Trichostomatia Butschli, 1889 Subclass Rhynchostomatia Muranotrichea Odontostomatea Parablepharismea Protocruziea 旋毛纲 Spirotrichea Butschli, 1889 [ 4] 环毛亚纲 Small & Lynn, 1985 （如丁丁虫 Tintinnidium ）寡毛亚纲 Halteria [ 5] 排毛亚纲 Stylonychia 少毛亚纲 Hypotrich ia (e.g. Euplotes Infraphylum Ventrata [ 6]
Genus Cryptocaryon （但WoRMS 认为属于前口纲 前管虫目 裸口虫科 [ 12] Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951 一个物种[ 13]
纲和目的地位未定 的科： 纲、目和科的地位未定 的属： Akidodes Lom, 1959
Allantoxena Yankovskii, 1978
Allomeron Yankovskii, 1967
Amoebapium Banina, 1984
Ampullacula Hsiung, 1930
Amylophorus Pereira & Almeida, 1942
Anacharon Ito & Imai, 2000
Ancistrella Chejsin, 1930
Andreula Kahl, 1934
Anglasia Delphy, 1936
Anisarcon Jankowski, 1981
Anthochloe Joseph, 1882
Anthostrombidium Yankovskij, 1980
Anthurceolaria Jankowski, 1980
Antipia Lepsi, 1927
Arcacineta Jankowski, 1981
Arcodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981
Armiacineta Yankovskij, 1982
Asellacineta Jankowski, 1981
Australana Jankowski, 1986
Azerella Alekperov, 1985
Baculiapium Banina, 1984
Baikalaster Jankowski, 1986
Baikalonis Yankovskij, 1982
Baikalotheca Jankowski, 1985
Baikalothigma Yankovskij, 1982
Basitokophrya Yankovskij, 1982
Batiola Koshevoj, 1987
Baznosanuia Tucolesco, 1962
Beckmania Yankovskij, 1982
Beersena Yankovsky, 1989
Berghophrya Foissner, 2003
Berounkella Koshevoj, 1987
Bertolinella Carpano, 1941
Biconvexellina Konenkova, 1999
Bignotella Willems, 1975
Bipalmatum
Bitricha Cameron, O'Donoghue & Adlard, 2000
Bizone Lepsi, 1926
Bizonula Corliss, 1960
Blepharocodon Bundle, 1895
Blepharomonas Kopperi, 1937
Blepharoplanum Kopperi, 1937
Blepharosphaera Bundle, 1895
Blepharozoum Gassovsky, 1919
Borzaiella Makar'eva, 1979
Bozasella Buisson, 1923
Buchneriella Heidenreich, 1935
Buissonella da Cunha & Muniz, 1925
Buitkampia Foissner, 1985
Buschiella Corliss, 1960
Cadosinopsis
Calix Fraipont, 1878
Caloscolex Dogiel, 1926
Calospira Chatton & Lwoff, 1935
Campanuliapium Banina, 1984
Campylodinium
Cardiostomatilla Corliss, 1960
Carinoposthium Yankovskij, 1980
Caspionella Yankovskij, 1980
Caudalina Madhava Rao, 1928
Causella Aescht, 2001
Celeritia Tucolesco, 1962
Cepedella Poyarkoff, 1909
Cephalospatula Foissner, 2003
Chanostoma Daday, 1884
Chattonia Debaisieux, 1957
Cheissinia Chatton & Lwoff, 1949
Cheissiniophrya
Chervurtskella Koshevoj, 1987
Chilenophrys Jankowski, 1986
Chlamydonyx Deroux, 1976
Cinetozona Olmo, Tellez & Esteban, 1998
Claretinella Keij, 1974
Claudotricha Gajewskaja, 1925
Clausophrya Naidenova & Zaika, 1969
Cochleatina Assejeva, 1983
Cochliodomus Raabe, 1971
Colomiellia
Compactum Hirshfield, Isquith & Bhandary, 1965
Conchophrys Chatton, 1911
Conchoscutum Raabe, 1947
Coniapium Banina, 1984
Conocladium
Corlissetta Jankowski, 1986
Corlissiella Puytorac, 1960
Coronodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981
Coronothigma Yankovskij, 1980
Corynacineta Yankovskii, 1978
Cotensicoma Yankovskij, 1982
Cotensita Yankovskij, 1982
Craspedomyoschiston Jankowski, 1985
Crassichona Yankovskii, 1973
Crevicometes Jankowski, 1981
Cricundella Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Crossacineta Yankovskii, 1978
Cryptacineta Yankovskii, 1978
Cryptochona Yankovskii, 1973
Cryptostomina Fedele, 1938
Ctenochona Yankovskii, 1973
Cucumophrya Kunz, 1936
Cunhaia Hasselmann, 1925
Cunhamunizia Ito & Imai, 2000
Curviperistomatus Amaro & Sena, 1967
Cyathopercularia Yankovskij, 1980
Cylindrapium Banina, 1984
Cypreostoma Jankowski, 1969
Cyrtostromhidium
Daturellina Radoicic, 1959
Daurotheca Jankowski, 1986
Delamurea Najdenova, 1978
Deltacineta Jankowski, 1981
Dentacinetides Batisse, 1992
Desicaryon Yankovskii, 1979
Dicloeopella Eicher, 1965
Dimaspidisca Yankovskij, 1979
Dimorphocothurnia Yankovskij, 1980
Diplogmus Mansfeld, 1923
Discacineta Jankowski, 1981
Discephelota Jankowski, 1981
Discocyathus Jankowski, 1981
Discomorpha
Discophryson
Discophyson Jankowski, 1985
Discotheca Yankovskii, 1967
Ditoxum Gassovsky, 1919
Dolioliapium Banina, 1984
Drilocineta Raabe, 1972
Durandella Dragastan, 1972
Durchoniella Puytorac, 1954
Echinomeron Yankovskij, 1980
Echinostrombidium Yankovskij, 1978
Eilymophrys Corliss, 1979
Elatodiscophrya Yankovskii, 1978
Elephantophilus Kofoid, 1935
Elitarcon Jankowski, 1981
Elliptothigma
Elytroplastron Kofoid & MacLennan, 1932
Eminothigma Corliss, 1979
Endoralium Eloff & van Hoven, 1980
Enerthecoma Jarocki, 1935
Enterophrya Hasselmann, 1918
Entodiscoides Song, Warren & Wilbert, 1996
Eodinium Kofoid & MacLennan, 1932
Epicranella Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Epidiophrys Yankovskij, 1979
Epidiscophrya Jankowski, 1981
Eriocharon Ito & Imai, 2000
Estuaricola Yankovskij, 1979
Eudrilophrya de Puytorac, 1971
Eurychilum André, 1910
Extensiscopula Banina, 1984
Falconyctus Yankovskij, 1978
Faltacineta Jankowski, 1981
Ferodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981
Filiformis Hirshfield, Isquith & Bhandary, 1965
Fiorentinus Jankowski, 1986
Fitonacineta Jankowski, 1981
Foissnerella Jankowski, 1986
Foliacella Makar'eva, 1979
Fundenia Vuxanovici, 1962
Furssenkoiella Makar'eva, 1979
Gajewskiella Obolkina, 1989
Gassovskiella Grain, 1994
Geimania Albaret, 1975
Georgevitchiella
Gigantothrix Foissner, 1999
Grainis Jankowski, 1997
Gruberella
Halteroides Hirshfield, Isquith & Bhandary, 1965
Hastarcon Jankowski, 1981
Helianter Jankowski, 1969
Helicozoster
Heliotheca Yankovskii, 1978
Hemiprorodon Strelkow, 1939
Herpetophrya Siedlecki, 1902
Herpinella Puytorac, 1954
Holophryoides Gasskovsky, 1919
Holophryozoon
Horocontus Deroux, 1976
Hovasseiella
Hydrochoerella da Cunha & Muniz, 1925
Hyloplotes
Hypophyra López-Ochoterena, 1964
Hypotrichina
Hysterophrya de Puytorac, Grolière & Grain, 1979
Ichthyonyctus Yankovskii, 1974
Indonyctus Yankovskij, 1978
Inermichona Jankowski, 1971
Inferostoma Ki, 1971
Isopodarcon Jankowski, 1981
Jankowskia Alekperov, 1984
Jirovecella Lom, 1957
Kahlophrya Foissner, 2003
Kejvia Koshevoj, 1987
Kellicotta Curds, 1985
Kindella Yankovskii, 1967
Kofoidella Cépède, 1910
Kopperia Corliss, 1960
Krassnigia
Kryoprorodon Alekperov & Mamaeva, 1992
Kudoella Earl, 1972
Lacifer Yankovskij, 1979
Ladinosphaera Oberhauser, 1960
Lagynurus Mansfeld, 1923
Latteuria Timoshenko & Imai, 1997
Laurosticha Yankovskij, 1979
Lavierella Buisson, 1923
Levanderella Kopperi, 1937
Limnoricus Jankowski, 1981
Lissacineta Yankovskii, 1978
Lissostrombidium Yankovskij, 1978
Listarcon Yankovskij, 1982
Litacineta Yankovskii, 1978
Litosolenius
Loxocineta Yankovskij, 1979
Luxiella Lecal, 1953
Luxophrya Yankovskii, 1978
Marinecta
Megadinium
Membranicola Foissner, Berger & Schaumburg, 1999
Mesodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981
Mesogymnus Berger, 1964
Metaclevelandella
Metacollinia Yankovskij, 1980
Metadinium Averintzeff & Mutafova, 1914
Metaphrya Ikeda, 1917
Metastomum Georgévitch, 1941
Microcetella Aescht, 2001
Micromidas Delphy, 1938
Micronyctus Yankovskij, 1978
Micruncus Delphy, 1938
Mideuplotes Yankovskij, 1978
Mimeticus Small & Lynn, 1985
Miniapium Banina, 1984
Miracineta Jankowski, 1981
Misacineta Yankovskii, 1978
Mistarcon
Mixtophrya de Puytorac, 1969
Monilidiophrys Yankovskij, 1979
Monintranstylum
Monodontophrya Veidovsky, 1892
Monomastix Roux, 1899
Monurceolaria Yankovskij, 1980
Muscophrya Yankovskii, 1978
Myoscyphidia Jankowski, 1985
Nematacineta Yankovskii, 1978
Nemertodendron Yankovskii, 1978
Netaspidisca Yankovskij, 1978
Neteuplotes Yankovskij, 1978
Nipponarcon Jankowski, 1981
Noracineta Yankovskii, 1978
Nuchterleinella Matthes, 1990
Nucleocorbula Santhakumari & Balakrishnan Nair, 1970
Nucleocorbula adherens [ 14] Ogimotoa Ito & Imai, 2000
Ogimotopsis Ito & Imai, 2000
Oldesleria Foissner, 1983
Olgella Koshevoj, 1987
Oligoisotricha Imai, 1981
Ollella Aescht, 2001
Oncosonderia Yankovskij, 1980
Ophiodiscus Yankovskii, 1976
Ophiuraespira
Ophiurephelota Jankowski, 1981
Ophryocephalus Wailes, 1925
Oraveczisphaera Kozur, 1986
Oreoctoma Yankovskij, 1980
Orsomia Baer, 1952
Orthurceolaria Yankovskij, 1980
Parablaste
Parabundleia Imai & Ogimoto, 1983
Paraclevelandia Kidder, 1937
Paracollinia Yankovskij, 1980
Paractedectoma
Paracunhamunizia Ito & Imai, 2000
Paracycloposthium Grain, 1994
Paradectoma Small & Lynn, 1985
Paradentacineta Yankovskii, 1978
Paradiscophrya Jankowski, 1981
Parafavelloides
Paraglaucoma Kahl, 1926
Paraheliophrya Yankovskii, 1978
Paraisotrichopsis Gasskovsky, 1919
Paraloricophrya Yankovskii, 1978
Paranoplophrya
Paranyctotherus Ngassam, 1983
Paraoxychona Yankovskii, 1973
Paraplagiopyla Thurston & Grain, 1971
Parapyxicola Jankowski, 1985
Parasphaerophrya Jankowski, 1981
Parastylonchia Dragesco, 1963
Parastylophrya Yankovskii, 1978
Paratrochilia Kahl, 1933
Paravauchomia Raabe, 1963
Parducia
Parendosphaera Jankowski, 1981
Parentodinium Thurston & Noirot-Timothee, 1973
Parhypocoma Chatton & Lwoff, 1939
Patschia Small & Lynn, 1985
Peltacineta Yankovskii, 1978
Perezella Cépède, 1910
Peristrombidium Yankovskij, 1978
Perseia Rossolimo, 1926
Phagoon Foissner, Agatha & Berger, 2002
Phyllacineta Yankovskii, 1978
Piesika Warren, 1988
Pinchatia Shibuya, 1931
Pingius Hsiung, 1932
Planitrichidium Yankovskij, 1979
Pleurophryodendron Yankovskii, 1978
Podopyrya
Poljanskina Raabe, 1963
Polydiniella Corliss, 1960
Polydiophrys Yankovskij, 1979
Pompholyxia Fabre-Domergue, 1886
Poteriapium Banina, 1984
Pottsia Chatton & Lwoff, 1927
Pottsiodes Corliss, 1960
Proamphorella Kofoid & Campbell, 1939
Proclausilocola Lom, 1959
Proluxophrya Yankovskii, 1978
Prorodonopsis Gasskovsky, 1919
Prostelidiella Kofoid & Campbell, 1939
Protanoplophrya
Protocaviella Kopperi, 1937
Protohallia Cunha & Muniz, 1927
Protoisotricha Kopperi, 1937
Protolutzia Cunha & Muniz, 1925
Protophryopsis
Protoradiophryopsis Georgévitch, 1949
Protospirella Aescht, 2001
Prototravassosia
Pseudarcella
Pseudobalanion Foissner, Oleksiv & Müller, 1990
Pseudocinetochilum Timoshkin, 1995
Pseudocristigera Horvath, 1956
Pseudoentodinium Wolska, 1986
Pseudonyctotherus Earl, 1970
Pterochona Jankowski, 1973
Pterodiniella Aescht, 2001
Radiophryopsis Georgévitch, 1941
Rattulus
Rectiperistomatus Amaro & Sena, 1968
Recurviperistomatus Amaro & Sena, 1967
Rhabdothoracella Aescht, 2001
Rhinodisculus Mansfeld, 1923
Rhizobranchium Jankowski, 1981
Rhizocaryum Caullery & Mesnil, 1907
Rhizotricha Wolska, 1964
Rhynchodinium Cunha & Penido, 1927
Riboscyphidia Yankovskij, 1980
Riftus Jankowski, 1981
Riftus Yankovskij, 1982
Rimacineta Jankowski, 1981
Rondacineta Yankovskii, 1978
Rondosomides Jankowski, 1981
Roquea Jankowski, 1967
Rossielella Aescht, 2001
Rossonophrys Jankowski, 1989
Rugaecaulis Lom & de Puytorac, 1994
Sannemannisphaera Kozur, 1986
Saragassephelota
Sargassephelota Jankowski, 1981
Savroniella Bielokrys, 1995
Scalpratella Makar'eva, 1979
Schedotrochilia Deroux, 1976
Schizactinia
Sciurula Corliss, 1960
Scopulata Viljoen & van As, 1985
Scythiana Haas, Tóthne Makk, Oraveczne Scheffer & Csalagovits, 1986
Semiacineta Yankovskii, 1978
Seravinella Alekperov & Mamaeva, 1992
Sertumia Tucolesco, 1962
Setarcon Jankowski, 1981
Setodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981
Severonis Jankowski, 1981
Shellephelota Jankowski, 1981
Sibiracineta Yankovskij, 1982
Sigmaperistomatus Amaro & Sena, 1968
Sigmocineta Jankowski, 1967
Sigmophrya de Puytorac, 1971
Silenella Fenchel, 1965
Sincothurnia Jankowski, 1985
Soracineta Yankovskii, 1978
Sparsacineta Yankovskii, 1978
Speleoscyphidia Yankovskij, 1980
Spherasuctans Puytorac, 1952
Spinarcella
Spinarcon Jankowski, 1981
Spinivorticella Jankowski, 1993
Spinophenia Szczechura, 1969
Spirocystomellites
Spirogonella Yankovskij, 1978
Spiroperistomatus Amaro & Sena, 1968
Spiroxystonella Kofoid & Campbell, 1939
Spiroxystonellites Knauer, 1969
Spongiarcon Yankovskij, 1980
Spongiocirrhus Yankovskij, 1979
Spongiophrya Yankovskii, 1978
Stemacineta Yankovskii, 1978
Stenophaga Jankowski, 1981
Stentofollicullina
Stentoropsis Dogiel & Bychowsky, 1934
Stylarcon Jankowski, 1981
Stylogemma Jankowski, 1981
Stylophryodendron Yankovskii, 1978
Sulcoarcus Hsiung, 1935
Sulfonecta Yankovskij, 1978
Syllarcon Jankowski, 1981
Syncilancistrumina Knight & Thorne, 1982
Synophrya Chatton & Lwoff, 1926
Taeniocineta Raabe, 1972
Talitrochilodon Yankovskij, 1980
Talizona Jankowski, 1981
Tauriella Naidenova, 1985
Telamodinium
Teratodinium
Teremanticola Yankovskij, 1980
Teretrichodina Yankovskij, 1980
Ternacineta Yankovskii, 1978
Tesnotheca Jankowski, 1986
Testudinicola Yankovskii, 1978
Tetratoxum Gasskovsky, 1919
Thalassacineta Jankowski, 1981
Thalassicineta
Thalassiomastix Busch, 1923
Thalassochona Yankovskii, 1971
Thaumatophrya Collin, 1912
Thigmostrombidium Yankovskij, 1978
Thigmozoon Santhakumari & Balakrishnan Nair, 1973
Thisarcon
Thoracodinium Latteur, 1960
Tokophryona Yankovskij, 1982
Tomodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981
Toxodinium da Cunha, 1938
Toxopercularia Yankovskii, 1980
Triacola Weitschat & Guhl, 1994
Tricaudalia Buisson, 1923
Trinacineta Jankowski, 1981
Tripalmaria Gasskovsky, 1919
Tucolesca Lom, 1979
Tundrella Koshevoj, 1987
Tytthocorys Tappan & Loeblich, 1968
Uropogon Ito & Imai, 2000
Uvelinus Jankowski, 1985
Vasacineta Jankowski, 1981
Vautrinella Cuvillier, 1957
Velavella Koshevoj, 1987
Velistoma Yankovskij, 1980
Venodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981
Veracineta Yankovskii, 1978
Vesonyctus
Vestonyctus Yankovskij, 1978
Vinarcon Jankowski, 1981
Vostonica Jankowski, 1994
Wailesia Kofoid & Campbell, 1939
Wichtermania Earl, 1972
Yvonniellina Tappan & Loeblich, 1968
Zonotrichium Meunier, 1910
存档副本 . 中国生物物种名录 2013版. 2013 [2013-11-15 ] . （原始内容 存档于2016-04-11） （中文（简体）） .Kihara, Terue Cristina; Warren, Alan; Gordon, Dennis. Colpodea . WoRMS [2023-10-30 ] –通过WoRMS Kim JS, Jeong HJ, Lynn DH, Park JY, Lim YW, Shin W. Balanion masanensis n. sp. (Ciliophora: Prostomatea) from the coastal waters of Korea: morphology and small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2007, 54 (6): 482–94. PMID 18070326 doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2007.00290.x V. Santhakumari & N. Balakrishnan Nair (1970) Nucleocorbula adherens gen. & sp. nov. (Ciliata, Thigmotrichida) from shipworms, Ophelia, 7:2, 139-144, DOI: 10.1080/00785236.1970.10419294
