“伦理复原主义”集中于恢复伦理的规范,并恢复对初期教会门徒身份的委身[12]。重洗派教徒巴顿·史东(Barton W. Stone )和圣洁运动都是伦理复原主义的例子。这运动规定要遵守普遍的诫命,例如圣经所记的安息日,这是早在伊甸园的亚当和夏娃的时期已有的;并以希伯来年历来订定年、季、礼拜和日。
此外,犹太人的常规包括割礼、献祭牲等的礼仪都是由十诫,挪亚七律和大节期分别出来的,这些诫命都是颁布给全人类的,并对全人类生效的。山上宝训中论律法的部分,警告人不要变成反律法主义,也不要拒绝圣经有关奉行律法的教导。
第一次大觉醒期间,某些浸信会投入运动,她们被称为“独立浸信会”(Separate Baptists)。这运动的两个主题是“信条的拒绝”和“灵性的自由”(freedom in the Spirit)[40]。“独立浸信”认为圣经是教会的“完美法则”(perfect rule)[41]。但是,当他们转向圣经去寻求教会的结构样式,他们没有坚持当中的细节要完全一致。[42]起源于新英格兰,但在南方尤为强劲,他们强调圣经模式,使教会能够壮大。在18世纪后半,它蔓延到肯塔基州西边和田纳西州,以至后来的斯通与坎贝尔运动得到扎根[43]。南部的独立浸信会为“复原运动”立下基础,因为斯通与坎贝尔的成员,大部分来自独立浸信会。[42]独立浸信会的复原主义也促成“地界浸信会”的发展,与斯通与坎贝尔复原运动在同一地区和在大约同一的时间。在詹姆斯·罗宾逊格雷夫斯(James Robinson Graves)的领导下,这个小组找到了原始教会精确的蓝图,并相信与这蓝图的任何偏差,会导致不能成为真正教会的一部分。[43]
坎贝尔运动的特点是,有系统及理性地重新建构初期教会。相反,斯通运动(The Stone movement)的特征是激进自由(radical freedom)和缺乏教义的[54]。两个运动尽管有分歧,它们在几个关键问题上也是一致的[55]。它们都视恢复使徒性的基督教为加速千禧年的方法,它们也视复兴早期教会为追寻基督教自由的途径。它们相信使徒性的基督教能作为基督徒合一的模范,并能使基督徒达至合一[55]。它们在信仰上也是一致的,它们都相信耶稣是基督,是神的儿子,基督徒应该在每周的第一天领受圣餐,成年信徒浸入水中的浸礼是得救的必要条件[55]。由于创办人希望废弃所有教派标签,所以他们以圣经中耶稣的追随者的名字,作为他们的名字[56]。信徒为了恢复早期教会和联合基督徒而委身于这两个运动中,已足以激发两个运动中众多参与者的合一了[57]。
两者的合并得出了一个新的运动,创办人考虑到要以出自圣经和非世俗的名字,为这新运动命名。斯通希望继续使用“基督徒”这名称,而亚历山大・坎贝尔坚持要用“基督的门徒”为命,因此,两个名称都一拼被取用。[58][59]
复原运动有几个分支,引申出多个不同的群体。其中三个源自美国的群体,包括Churches of Christ、Christian churches and churches of Christ和Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)宣称“斯通 - 坎贝尔运动”(The Stone-Campbell movement)是它们的根源。有些人视这些分支的出现,是由于复原主义和普世教会合一运动(ecumenism)之间的张力。Churches of Christ和Christian churches and churches of Christ借着强调复原,而Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)则借着强调“普世教会合一运动”来消除这张力[61]。美国以外的教会,包括Churches of Christ in Australia 和 Evangelical Christian Church in Canada也加入这运动。[62][63]
后期圣徒运动的追随者相信其创办人约瑟·斯密是神的先知,他被拣选去恢复原初耶稣所建立的使徒教会。正如一般的复原主义者群体,摩尔门教徒相信,于使徒时代末期和公元325年第一次尼西亚会议之前,耶稣建立的教会和祭司职位已从地上撤回了。改革宗信徒的运动强调建基于圣经研读,但斯密宣称要恢复启示和使徒权柄。[67]根据Allen and Hughes表示后期圣徒比其他群体更有效和始终如一地用到“恢复”这个语言,早期的摩尔门教徒似乎沉醉于恢复古老的教会。[68]
基督复临安息日会,是从复临安息日运动中诞生出来,属于米勒派的分支。基督复临安息日会是第二次大觉醒,米勒派运动于19世纪40年代在纽约北部一带,出现的数个基督复临派群体中最大的一派。对复临安息日运动相当重要的怀爱伦著作;宣扬“渐进启示”的信念[77],教导基督徒的生活和见证,是旨在作为“预言的灵”(Spirit of Prophecy)的代表。
大部分复临安息日会的神学,跟基督教教义如三位一体和圣经无误等相仿。独特的教导包括“死后无意识”和“查案审判”等教义。
这教会还以其注重饮食和健康、对全人的了解、推崇宗教自由,及其保守的原则和生活方式著称。
普世神的教会
普世神的教会(The Worldwide Church of God, WCG)从安息日教会体系而出。赫伯特・阿姆斯壮(Herbert W. Armstrong)的个人事奉发展为“神的教会电台”(Radio Church of God),后来成为上帝的普世神的教会。后来普世神的教会在复原运动中,经历多次分裂,成为许多不同的教会和团体,并力图加入成为基督新教的一支。当中有两个最大的群体,包括神的活教会(Living Church of God)和联合神的教会(United Church of God, UCG)继续在传承阿姆斯壮主义(Armstrongism)。
复临基督教会
复临基督教会并非隶属于基督复临安息会,而是自认为“从威廉・米勒衍生出来的六个基督教宗派当中的第二个派别。”[78]
1860年“复临基督徒大会”(The Advent Christian General Conference )成立“首日”复临基督徒群体,这教会的信念包括:“有条件的灵魂的不朽说”(conditional immortality)和“灵魂睡眠”(soul sleep)。
该运动全球有成千上万的信徒和著名的教会网络,包括泰利域高(Terry Virgo)带领的“新前线(Newfrontiers)”、巴尼库姆斯(Barney Coombs)带领的“盐和光国际事工(Salt and Light Ministries International)”和由罗杰·福斯特(Roger Forster.)等人带领的“伊哲萨斯基督徒团契(Ichthus Christian Fellowship)”。
Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, "The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ" Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-8028-3898-7, 9780802838988, 854 pages, entry on Restoration, Historical Models of
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Encyclopedia of Religion in the South, p.665, Samuel S. Hill, Charles H. Lippy, Charles Reagan Wilson, 2005: "An Anabaptist, Servetus believed what has always been basic to restorationism: ... the true, apostolic church .... Restorationists in the South include three churches of the STONE-CAMPBELL TRADITION."
Evangelicalism in modern Britain: a history from the 1730s to the 1980s, David W. Bebbington, pub 1995, Routledge (UK), ISBN 0-415-10464-5, pg 230,231; 245-249
C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ," Abilene Christian University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-89112-006-8
Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ,
Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, "The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ"
Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, translated by Geoffrey William Bromiley, The encyclopedia of Christianity, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005, 952 pages, ISBN 0-8028-2416-1, 9780802824165, entry on Restoration Movements
Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, Restoring the faith: the Assemblies of God, Pentecostalism, and American culture, University of Illinois Press, 1993, ISBN 0-252-06281-7, 9780252062810, 281 pages
See for example Cassandra Yacovazzi, The Crisis of Sectarianism: Restorationist, Catholic, and Mormon Converts in Antebellum America, Masters Thesis, Department of History, Baylor University, May 2009
Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, "The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ" P.638
Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, "The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ" Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-8028-3898-7, 9780802838988, 854 pages, entry on Great Awakenings P.368
Monroe E. Hawley, Redigging the Wells: Seeking Undenominational Christianity, Quality Publications, Abilene, Texas, 1976, ISBN 0-89137-512-0 (paper), ISBN 0-89137-513-9 (cloth) P.27-32
McAlister, Lester G. and Tucker, William E. (1975), Journey in Faith: A History of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) - St. Louis, Chalice Press, ISBN 978-0-8272-1703-4 P.27
Richard Thomas Hughes and R. L. Roberts, The Churches of Christ, 2nd Edition, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, ISBN 0-313-23312-8, 9780313233128, 345 pages P.8,9
Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, The Encyclopaedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ, P.125
Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, The Encyclopaedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ, P.368
Leroy Garrett, The Stone-Campbell Movement: The Story of the American Restoration Movement, College Press, 2002, ISBN 0-89900-909-3, 9780899009094, 573 pages P.383
Leroy Garrett, The Stone-Campbell Movement: The Story of the American Restoration Movement, College Press, 2002, ISBN 0-89900-909-3, 9780899009094, 573 pages
Encyclopedia of new religions: new religious movements, sects and Christopher Hugh Partridge - 2004 "In June 1848, he returned to England and was well received in Nottingham and had further speaking engagements in Derby"
Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, "The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ" P.544,545
Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, "The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ" Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-8028-3898-7, 9780802838988, 854 pages, entry on Mormonism P.545
Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, "The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ" P.545
Midnight and Morning: The Millerite Movement and the Founding of the Advent Christian Church, 1831-1860 by Clyde E. Hewitt (Venture Books, 1984), as cited by "The Advent Christian Church: An Introduction", AreaChurches.com
Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. chap. 31 p. 707 "A biography of Russell, published shortly after his death, explained: "He was not the founder of a new religion, and never made such claim. He revived the great truths taught by Jesus and the Apostles,"
"Militarism and Navalism - How Long?" by Charles Taze Russell, Watch Tower, January 1, 1916, page 5, "We see wrongs perpetrated in every direction; Divine Laws entirely set aside by these so-called Christian nations--Christendom. ...God's nation--is in the world, but not of it. Its members cannot be loyal to the prince of this world [Satan], and to the Prince of Glory, both. ...Indeed, we entreat all the Lord's dear people to remember that there are but the two great Masters; and that we have enlisted on the side of our God and His Christ, and are to prove loyal to these in the midst of a crooked and perverse people, blinded by the god of this world and filled with his spirit of pride, boastfulness, animosity, hatred and strife. It should be our desire to be neutral as between these contending factions of Satan's empire. ...Let us never forget our neutrality. Let us be just toward all, kind, generous. Let us avoid as far as possible any discussion of these matters with those who would not be able to understand and appreciate our position."[italics added]Retrieved 2010-12-20
"Bible Students and the Future", Watch Tower, April 1, 1915, page 101, "In all the Continental Armies our Brethren, known as Bible Students, are to be found--not willingly, but by conscription. ...Before the war we recommended to the Brethren that in the event of hostilities they should, so far as possible, if drafted, request positions in the hospital service or in the supplies department, where they could serve the Government efficiently; whereas, if they were ordered to the firing line, they would not be obliged to shoot to kill. We have reasons for believing that these suggestions are being followed... We have exhorted the brethren to strict neutrality so far as the combatants are concerned, whatever might be their natural inclination through accident of birth or association."Retrieved 2010-12-20
The Watchtower, April 15, 1983, pg 29, "Why is God's name, Jehovah, missing from most modern translations of the Bible? Superstition that developed among tradition-bound Jews caused them to avoid pronouncing God's personal name, Jehovah. This has contributed to worldwide ignorance regarding the divine name."