弥生人

弥生人（日语：弥生人／やよいじん^Yayoi-jin），是指在弥生时代（公元前10世纪到公元3世纪）抵达日本列岛的移民集团^[1]^[2]^[3]，与绳文人无论在文化上还是体质上都有明显区别。两群人(和后来的古坟人)融合成为现代日本人^[4]。

起源

学术界就弥生人的起源提出了以下几个假说:

目前最流行的假说为弥生人原居朝鲜半岛或长江三角洲并将水稻带到日本列岛^[5]^[6]
另一个假说基于土井滨遗迹（日语：土井ヶ浜遺跡）的遗骸与在朝鲜半岛北部所找到的相似，以及在绳文时代晚期和弥生时代早期广泛流行于西日本的刻目突带文陶器（日语：刻目突帯文土器）也在日本海西北岸、位于今俄罗斯滨海边疆州的シニ・ガイ文化（日语：シニガイ文化）中找得到而推断弥生人原居于朝鲜半岛北部^[7]
多重族源论也越来越得到学术界支持，这个假说主要是根据考古、文化、习俗、语言上与东北亚、东亚、东南亚各地区族群的相似度，继而推断出弥生人根本不是单一族群而是多个不同的族群于不同的时间点抵达日本列岛。^[8]^[9]
澳大利亚历史学家安·库马尔（Ann Kumar）^{[note 1]}就遗传学和语言学证据推断有部分的弥生人是南岛民族^[10]。
有些日本历史学家如鸟越宪三郎、若林弘子等认为弥生人的祖先来自云贵高原^[11]^{[note 2]}，而诹访春雄则认为倭人为百越的一支^[12]。
俄裔美国语言学家亚历山大·沃文（Vovin Alexander）认为弥生人原居朝鲜半岛，后来起源于辽吉地区的古朝鲜民族南侵，继而被驱赶和同化^[13]^[14]。约翰·惠特曼（John Whiteman）提出类似的观点，认为弥生人与古朝鲜民族无关，但他们在无纹陶器时代共同生活在朝鲜半岛，有部分的弥生人大约在2950年前就迁移到日本列岛，而在2300年前左右北方的古朝鲜民族才抵达朝鲜半岛，起初与弥生人共存，后来将他们同化。双方的语言互相影响，形成语言联盟，后来两个语系内部的多样性因奠基者效应而减少^[15]。

基因

弥生人的Y染色体主要为Haplogroup O-M176|单倍群O-M176（今约占36%）、单倍群O-M122（今约占23%）和单倍群O-M119（今约占4%），皆为典型的东亚和东南亚单倍群。^[16]^[17]。日本分子人类学家崎谷满（日语：崎谷満）表示单倍群O1b2主要常见于日本人、朝鲜人和满人，O1则在长江文明的男性身上找到。长江文明没落后分成几个部落分别向西和向北迁移，其中一支到达山东半岛、朝鲜半岛和日本列岛^[18]。有研究指单倍群01b1为南亚语系民族主要的父系血统与O1b2共为“泛南亚父系血统”（para-Austroasiatic）^[19]。

现代大和民族主要是弥生人的后裔并与其他现代东亚族群都有关，特别是朝鲜人和汉人^[20]^[21]^[22]。据估计，东京周遭的日本人身上的绳文血统约占12%左右^[23]。Takashi et al. 2019确认现代日本人大多为弥生人后裔。在分析和比较过绳文人和现代日本人的线粒体DNA后，显示绳文时代的人与古坟时代和平安时代的人不存在连续性，而这项发现意味着日本人的基因转换发生在古坟时代之前，或最起码在称名寺遗址所发现的是如此。^[24]

最近的研究透露绳文人和其他人口有别，包括现代日本人。
——Takahashi et al. 2019，(Adachi et al., 2011; Adachi and Nara, 2018)

另外一项2019年的研究分别指出现代日本人（大和民族）平均有90%左右的弥生人基因组，10%左右的绳文人基因组。^[25]。Gakuhari et al. 2019指出现代日本人的基因簇与其他东亚族群最为接近，但与阿伊努人有明显差别。然而这份报告却指出现代日本人只有3.3%绳文人基因^[26] Kanazawa Kiriyama et al. 2019表示现代日本人有9-13%绳文人基因，而琉球人则有27%，并指他们都是弥生人^[27]。

语言

注释

[N 1]
Director (Research Services Division). Professor Ann Kumar. 2019-07-20 [2019-07-20]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-20）. Professor Ann Kumar, BA Hons (ANU), PhD (ANU). Visiting Fellow. School of Culture, History & Language. ANU College of Asia and the Pacific.
[N 2]
SUWA Haruo (諏訪春雄). 2018-01-18 [2021-06-12]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-21）.

参考资料

[1]
Silberman et al., 154–155.
[2]
Schirokauer et al., 133–143.
[3]
Shōda, Shinya. A Comment on the Yayoi Period Dating Controversy. Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology. 2007, 1 [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-01）.
[4]
'Jomon woman' helps solve Japan's genetic mystery | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News. NHK WORLD. [2020-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-26）（英语）.
[5]
崎谷満‘DNA・考古・言语の学际研究が示す新・日本列岛史’(勉诚出版　2009年)(in Japanese)
[6]
Yayoi linked to Yangtze area. [2018-02-14]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-22）.
[7]
ロシア极东新石器时代研究の新展开互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2017-08-26. (in Japanese)
[8]
徳永胜士 (2003)“HLA と人类の移动”‘Science of humanity Bensei ’(42), 4-9, 东京：勉诚出版 (in Japanese)
[9]
冈正雄‘异人その他日本民族=文化の源流と日本国家の形成’ 言丛社 1979 (in Japanese)
[10]
Javanese influence on Japanese - Languages Of The World. Languages Of The World. 2011-05-09 [2018-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-25）.
[11]
鸟越宪三郎‘原弥生人の渡来 ’(角川书店,1982)、‘倭族から日本人へ’(弘文堂 ,1985)、‘古代朝鲜と倭族’(中公新书,1992)、‘倭族トラジャ’(若林弘子との共著、大修馆书店,1995)、‘弥生文化の源流考’(若林弘子との共著、大修馆书店,1998)、‘古代中国と倭族’(中公新书,2000)、‘中国正史倭人・倭国伝全釈’(中央公论新社,2004)
[12]
诹访春雄编‘倭族と古代日本’(雄山阁出版、1993)また诹访春雄通信100
[13]
Janhunen, Juha. Reconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia. Studia Orientalia. 2010, (108): 281–304. ... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.
[14]
Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean". Korean Linguistics. 15 (2): 222–240.
[15]
Whitman, John. Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan. Rice. 2011-12-01, 4 (3): 149–158. ISSN 1939-8433. doi:10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0 .
[16]
Nonaka, I.; Minaguchi, K.; Takezaki, N. Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms. Annals of Human Genetics. 2007, 71 (4): 480–495. ISSN 1469-1809. PMID 17274803. S2CID 1041367. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00343.x. hdl:10130/491 .
[17]
Kutanan, Wibhu; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Eisenberg, Arthur; Sun, Jie; Chantawannakul, Panuwan; Ghirotto, Silvia; Pittayaporn, Pittayawat; Srikummool, Metawee; Srithawong, Suparat. Genetic and linguistic correlation of the Kra–Dai-speaking groups in Thailand. Journal of Human Genetics. July 2015, 60 (7): 371–380. ISSN 1435-232X. PMID 25833471. S2CID 21509343. doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.32.
[18]
崎谷満‘DNA・考古・言语の学际研究が示す新・日本列岛史’(勉诚出版 2009年
[19]
Robbeets, Martine; Savelyev, Alexander. Language Dispersal Beyond Farming. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 2017-12-21 [2021-06-12]. ISBN 9789027264640. （原始内容存档于2021-07-11）.
[20]
Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Balueva, Tatiana; Gallego-Llorente, Marcos; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Eriksson, Anders; Pinhasi, Ron; Bhak, Jong; Manica, Andrea. Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago. Science Advances. 2017, 3 (2): e1601877February 1, 2017. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E1877S. PMC 5287702 . PMID 28164156. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601877. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于December 24, 2019）.
[21]
Wang, Yuchen; Lu Dongsheng; Chung Yeun-Jun; Xu Shuhua. Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations. Hereditas. 2018, 155: 19. PMC 5889524 . PMID 29636655. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-07-03）.
[22]
Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng; Chung, Yeun-Jun; Xu, Shuhua. Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations. Hereditas. 2018, 155: 19April 6, 2018. PMC 5889524 . PMID 29636655. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5.
[23]
「縄文人」は独自進化したアジアの特異集団だった！: 深読み. 読売新闻オンライン. 2017-12-15 [2019-04-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-17）（日语）.
[24]
David Blake Willis and Stephen Murphy-Shigematsu: Transcultural Japan: At the Borderlands of Race, Gender and Identity, 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2017-01-06., p. 272: "“Wajin,” which is written with Chinese characters that can also be read “Yamato no hito” (Yamato person)".
[25]
'Jomon woman' helps solve Japan's genetic mystery | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News. NHK WORLD. [2019-07-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-11）.
[26]
Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro. Jomon genome sheds light on East Asian population history (PDF). bioRxiv: 3–5. March 15, 2019 [2019] [2021-06-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-01-22）.
[27]
Late Jomon male and female genome sequences from the Funadomari site in Hokkaido, Japan - Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science 2018/2019en. [2021-06-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-25）.

延伸阅读

中国江南・江淮の古人骨－渡来系弥生人の原郷をたずねる－山口　敏・中嶋孝博　2007年
Vovin, Alexander. 2014. "Out of Southern China? – Philological and linguistic musings on the possible Urheimat of Proto-Japonic". Journées de CRLAO 2014. June 27–28, 2014. INALCO, Paris.

[10] [N 1]
Director (Research Services Division). Professor Ann Kumar. 2019-07-20 [2019-07-20]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-20）. Professor Ann Kumar, BA Hons (ANU), PhD (ANU). Visiting Fellow. School of Culture, History & Language. ANU College of Asia and the Pacific.

[13] [N 2]
SUWA Haruo (諏訪春雄). 2018-01-18 [2021-06-12]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-21）.

[Silberman2012-1] [1]
Silberman et al., 154–155.

[SchirokauerBrown2012-2] [2]
Schirokauer et al., 133–143.

[Shinya-3] [3]
Shōda, Shinya. A Comment on the Yayoi Period Dating Controversy. Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology. 2007, 1 [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-01）.

[4] [4]
'Jomon woman' helps solve Japan's genetic mystery | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News. NHK WORLD. [2020-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-26）（英语）.

[Sakitani-5] [5]
崎谷満‘DNA・考古・言语の学际研究が示す新・日本列岛史’(勉诚出版　2009年)(in Japanese)

[6] [6]
Yayoi linked to Yangtze area. [2018-02-14]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-22）.

[7] [7]
ロシア极东新石器时代研究の新展开互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2017-08-26. (in Japanese)

[8] [8]
徳永胜士 (2003)“HLA と人类の移动”‘Science of humanity Bensei ’(42), 4-9, 东京：勉诚出版 (in Japanese)

[9] [9]
冈正雄‘异人その他日本民族=文化の源流と日本国家の形成’ 言丛社 1979 (in Japanese)

[11] [10]
Javanese influence on Japanese - Languages Of The World. Languages Of The World. 2011-05-09 [2018-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-25）.

[12] [11]
鸟越宪三郎‘原弥生人の渡来 ’(角川书店,1982)、‘倭族から日本人へ’(弘文堂 ,1985)、‘古代朝鲜と倭族’(中公新书,1992)、‘倭族トラジャ’(若林弘子との共著、大修馆书店,1995)、‘弥生文化の源流考’(若林弘子との共著、大修馆书店,1998)、‘古代中国と倭族’(中公新书,2000)、‘中国正史倭人・倭国伝全釈’(中央公论新社,2004)

[14] [12]
诹访春雄编‘倭族と古代日本’(雄山阁出版、1993)また诹访春雄通信100

[:0-15] [13]
Janhunen, Juha. Reconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia. Studia Orientalia. 2010, (108): 281–304. ... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.

[:1-16] [14]
Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean". Korean Linguistics. 15 (2): 222–240.

[17] [15]
Whitman, John. Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan. Rice. 2011-12-01, 4 (3): 149–158. ISSN 1939-8433. doi:10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0 .

[18] [16]
Nonaka, I.; Minaguchi, K.; Takezaki, N. Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms. Annals of Human Genetics. 2007, 71 (4): 480–495. ISSN 1469-1809. PMID 17274803. S2CID 1041367. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00343.x. hdl:10130/491 .

[19] [17]
Kutanan, Wibhu; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Eisenberg, Arthur; Sun, Jie; Chantawannakul, Panuwan; Ghirotto, Silvia; Pittayaporn, Pittayawat; Srikummool, Metawee; Srithawong, Suparat. Genetic and linguistic correlation of the Kra–Dai-speaking groups in Thailand. Journal of Human Genetics. July 2015, 60 (7): 371–380. ISSN 1435-232X. PMID 25833471. S2CID 21509343. doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.32.

[20] [18]
崎谷満‘DNA・考古・言语の学际研究が示す新・日本列岛史’(勉诚出版 2009年

[21] [19]
Robbeets, Martine; Savelyev, Alexander. Language Dispersal Beyond Farming. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 2017-12-21 [2021-06-12]. ISBN 9789027264640. （原始内容存档于2021-07-11）.

[22] [20]
Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Balueva, Tatiana; Gallego-Llorente, Marcos; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Eriksson, Anders; Pinhasi, Ron; Bhak, Jong; Manica, Andrea. Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago. Science Advances. 2017, 3 (2): e1601877February 1, 2017. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E1877S. PMC 5287702 . PMID 28164156. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601877. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于December 24, 2019）.

[23] [21]
Wang, Yuchen; Lu Dongsheng; Chung Yeun-Jun; Xu Shuhua. Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations. Hereditas. 2018, 155: 19. PMC 5889524 . PMID 29636655. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-07-03）.

[24] [22]
Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng; Chung, Yeun-Jun; Xu, Shuhua. Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations. Hereditas. 2018, 155: 19April 6, 2018. PMC 5889524 . PMID 29636655. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5.

[25] [23]
「縄文人」は独自進化したアジアの特異集団だった！: 深読み. 読売新闻オンライン. 2017-12-15 [2019-04-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-17）（日语）.

[google272-26] [24]
David Blake Willis and Stephen Murphy-Shigematsu: Transcultural Japan: At the Borderlands of Race, Gender and Identity, 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2017-01-06., p. 272: "“Wajin,” which is written with Chinese characters that can also be read “Yamato no hito” (Yamato person)".

[27] [25]
'Jomon woman' helps solve Japan's genetic mystery | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News. NHK WORLD. [2019-07-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-11）.

[28] [26]
Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro. Jomon genome sheds light on East Asian population history (PDF). bioRxiv: 3–5. March 15, 2019 [2019] [2021-06-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-01-22）.

[29] [27]
Late Jomon male and female genome sequences from the Funadomari site in Hokkaido, Japan - Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science 2018/2019en. [2021-06-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-25）.

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[note 1]

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[note 2]

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