Lavash

Lavash - odatda xamirturushli, an'anaviy ravishda tandirda (tonir) pishiriladigan va Janubiy Kavkaz, gʻarbiy Osiyo va Kaspiy dengizi atrofidagi hududlarning oshxonalari uchun odatiy boʻlgan yupqa tekis non^[1]^[2]^[3] Lavash - Armaniston,Ozarbayjon,Eron va Turkiyada keng tarqalgan non turlaridan biri^[4]. An'anaviy retsepti tonir oʻrniga panjara yoki wok yordamida zamonaviy oshxonaga moslashtirilishi mumkin^[5].

Qisqa faktlar Turi ...

Yopish

2014-yilda "Lavash, an'anaviy nonning tayyorlanishi, ma'nosi va koʻrinishi Armaniston madaniyatining ifodasi sifatida" YuNESKOning Insoniyatning nomoddiy madaniy merosi Reprezentativ roʻyxatiga kiritilgan^[6]. 2016-yilda Ozarbayjon, Eron, Qozog‘iston, Qirg‘iziston va Turkiya jamoalarida yassi (lavash, qotirma, jupka yoki yufka ) tayyorlash va ulashish ham ro‘yxatga kiritilgan^[7].Lavash yufkaga oʻxshaydi, lekin turk oshxonasida lavash (lavash) xamirturush xamiri bilan tayyorlanadi, yufka esa odatda xamirturushsizdir^[8].

The American Heritage Dictionary of English Language ga koʻra, lavash "arman tilidan olingan, xamirturushsiz yupqa non"^[9]. 2014-yilda Lavash Insoniyatning nomoddiy madaniy merosi tomonidan "Arman madaniyatining ifodasi" sifatida ta'riflangan. Bu qaror Ozarbayjon, Eron, Qirgʻiziston va Qozogʻistonda oziq-ovqat "arman" emas, balki "mintaqaviy" degan da'volar tufayli noroziliklarga sabab boʻldi^[10]^[11].

Lavashning kelib chiqishi koʻpincha Armanistonga tegishli^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15], ammo ba'zi olimlar lavash Eronda paydo boʻlgan deb aytishadi^[16]^[17]^[18].Oziq-ovqat tarixchisi Gil Marks kelib chiqishini Yaqin Sharq deb belgilaydi.

Gil Marks lavashning tarixini terakota panjaralarida yupqa yassi nonlarni tayyorlashning dastlabki innovatsiyasi bilan bogʻlaydi. Nonning eng qadimgi shakllari pishiriq sifatida qizdirilgan toshlarda yoki choʻgʻda pishirilgan, ammo panjara ishlatila boshlaganda, Bibliyada tasvirlangan non rakigi kabi yonmasdan toʻliq pishishi uchun nonlarni yupqa qilish kerak edi. Dastlabki pechlarning innovatsiyasi bilan qalinroq non tayyorlash mumkin boʻldi^[19].

Xrax Martayosyan Langekal prinektal liniyani la'natal ravishda bogʻlaydi, lupuq, Luph ', Lup ', Luph'ir luph'lish Proto-arman * qonuni - "tekis". Uning ta'kidlashicha, semantik jihatdan buni tasavvur qilish mumkin, chunki bu non ayniqsa tekis va ingichka^[20].Ba'zan ingliz tilida Lavosh deb yoziladi.

Sevan Nişanyan armancha va turkcha lavash so‘zlarini oxir-oqibatda “yormoq” ma’nosini anglatuvchi oromiycha llwsh ( lwš ) ildiziga bog‘laydi^[21].

Lavash un, suv, xamirturush, shakar va tuzdan tayyorlanadi . Bundan tashqari, shakar va xamirturushsiz xamirturushsiz versiyada ham tayyorlanishi mumkin^[22].Pishirishdan oldin qovurilgan kunjut va yoki haşhaş urugʻlari ba'zan sepiladi. An'anaga koʻra, xamir tekis oʻraladi va loydan tayyorlangan pechning issiq devorlariga toʻgʻri keladi, ammo zamonaviy retseptlar wok yoki tavada pishirish uchun moslashishi mumkin.

Lavash yangi holatda juda moslashuvchan boʻlsa-da, tez quriydi va moʻrt va qattiq boʻladi. oʻralgan sendvichlarni tayyorlashda yumshoq shakldan foydalanish osonroq.

Arman qishloqlarida quritilgan lavashni keyinroq ishlatish uchun baland qilib qo‘yishadi va nonni suv orqali to‘ldirish vaqti kelganida yana yumshoqroq qilish uchun unga suv sepiladi. Quritilgan non xashga boʻlinadi, yangi lavash esa armanlarning maxsus taomlarini oʻrash uchun va boshqa oʻtlar va pishloqlar bilan oʻrash uchun ishlatiladi.

Eron, Turkiya va ba'zi Yaqin Sharq mamlakatlarida lavash kabob bilan tantuni kabi kabob oʻrash uchun ishlatiladi. Quruq shaklda qolgan lavash Eronda suv, sariyog 'yoki pishloq bilan qayta ishlanganidan keyin tez ovqat tayyorlash uchun ishlatiladi.

Turk oshxonasida lavaş shirin taomlar uchun ham ishlatilishi mumkin va an'anaviy turk shirinliklari bilan bir qatorda kaysefe, hasude, pestil kavurmasi, aguz va holva kabi taomlar bilan birga xizmat qiladi^[23].

In zamonaviy retseptlar lavash pizza xamiri kabi ishlatilishi mumkin^[24].

Ozarbayjonning Sobirobod tumanida to‘ydan so‘ng kelin yangi uyiga kirsa, qaynona yelkasiga lavash qo‘yib: “Boyning uyiga kel, oyog‘ing omadli bo‘lsin”, deydi^[25] .Novxani aholi punktida dafn marosimidan soʻng, ba'zan lavashga oʻralgan holvadan iborat boʻlgan yulcha tayyorlash odat tusiga kiradi^[26].

Quritilgan lavash uzoq vaqt (deyarli bir yil) saqlanishi mumkin va xamirturushli non oʻrniga ishlatiladi. Arman Apostol cherkovining Eucharist an'analarida .

Lavash pishirayotgan ayollar arman rassomlarini ilhomlantirgan umumiy mavzudir. Sovet davridagi mashhur rassom Minas Minasyanning shunday portretlaridan biri Yerevandagi Milliy san'at muzeyida namoyish etilgan. Armanistonlik amerikalik rassom Manuel Tolegianning “Arman ayollari lavash pishirayotgani” kartinasi AQSh prezidenti Jerald Ford tomonidan Oq uyning ikki yuz yillik to‘plamiga osib qo‘yish uchun tanlangan. Dam olish kunlari Yerevan markazidagi ochiq osmon ostidagi hunarmandchilik bozorida lavash bilan bogʻliq koʻplab rasmlar va qoʻl san'atlari taklif etiladi, ularda lavash tayyorlagan baxtli ayollarning ijrosi odatiy koʻrinishga aylangan^[27].

[1]
Kipfer, Barbara Ann. The Culinarian: A Kitchen Desk Reference. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012-04-11 — 334-bet. ISBN 9780544186033. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 1-iyun. „LAVASH, LAVOSH, LAHVOSH, LAWAASH, or LAWASHA, also called ARMENIAN CRACKER BREAD, CRACKER BREAD, or PARAKI, is a round, thin Middle Eastern bread that is soft like a tortilla or hard like a cracker.“
[2]
Alan Davidson. The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press, 1999 — 456-bet. ISBN 978-0192806819. „Lavash a thin crisp bread usually made with wheat flour made in a variety of shapes all over the regions of the South Caucasus, Iran (where it is often so thin as to be like tissue and can be almost seen through), and Afghanistan. It is leavened and baked in a tandoor. Lavash is served with kebabs and is used to scoop up food or wrap round food before being eaten. Its origins are ancient and it is also known as lavaş depending on the region. As in the other countries of this region large batches of this bread are made and stored for long periods. In Turkey they are stored on a board suspended by all four corners from the ceiling. The bread becomes dry and is restored by sprinkling with water and reheated as and when needed. Yufka is also a name for filo pastry.“
[3]
Morgan, Diane. Skinny Dips. Chronicle Books, 2010 — 14-bet. ISBN 978-1452100241. „Lavash, lavosh, or lahvosh is a gigantic, paper-thin, blistery, tortilla-like flatbread common throughout Armenia, Turkey, and Iran.“
[4]
„Tastes of Memory: How to Bake an Authentic Armenian Lavash“. Smithsonian.
[5]
„Lavash“ (2020-yil 26-fevral).
[6]
„Lavash, the preparation, meaning and appearance of traditional bread as an expression of culture in Armenia, Inscribed in 2014 (9.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Country(ies): Armenia“. unesco.org. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 16-mart.
[7]
„Flatbread making and sharing culture: Lavash, Katyrma, Jupka, Yufka“. unesco.org. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 1-dekabr.
[8]
„İNCE EKMEK YAPMA VE PAYLAŞMA KÜLTÜRÜ“. Kültür Portalı.
[9]
„Lavash“. The American Heritage Dictionary.
[10]
Lomsadze, Giorgi. „Armenia, Azerbaijan at Loggerheads Over Lavash“. EurasiaNet (2014-yil 3-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2016-yil 10-dekabr.
[11]
McKernan, Bethan. „A 'pizza war' has broken out between Turkey and Armenia“. The Independent (2016-yil 27-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2016-yil 10-dekabr.
[12]
Sergio O. Serna-Saldivar. Cereal Grains: Laboratory Reference and Procedures Manual.. CRC Press, 2012 — 217-bet. ISBN 9781439855652. „Lavash is another popular flat cracker bread with ancient roots in Armenia.“
[13]
Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia, Volume 1 Albala, Ken: . Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press — 5-bet. ISBN 9780313376269. „...on lavash, a traditional flatbread of Armenia similar to tortilla...“
[14]
Goldstein, Darra. A Taste of Russia: A Cookbook of Russian Hospitality, 2nd, Montpelier, VT: Russian Life Books, 1999 — 185-bet. ISBN 9781880100424. „Armenian Flat Bread Lavash: Lavash has been baked for centuries in Armenia.“
[15]
Khanam, R.. Encycl. Ethnography Of Middle-East And Central Asia (3 Vols. Set), 1st, New Delhi: Global Vision, 2005 — 55-bet. ISBN 9788182200623. „The t'onir is a round hole dug in the ground, which can be used for baking Armenian flat bread (lavash) and for heating the home in winter.“
[16]
Karizaki, Vahid Mohammadpour (2017-03-01). "Ethnic and traditional Iranian breads: different types, and historical and cultural aspects". Journal of Ethnic Foods 4 (1): 8–14. doi:10.1016/j.jef.2017.01.002. ISSN 2352-6181. "The origin of lavash is most probably from Iran, according to the state of the encyclopedia of Jewish food."
[17]
Marks, Gil. Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010 — 355-bet. ISBN 978-0470391303.
[18]
Reinhart, Peter. The Bread Baker's Apprentice: Mastering the Art of Extraordinary Bread. Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony, 2011 — 178-bet. ISBN 978-1607741299. „"Lavash, though usually called Armenian flatbread, also has Iranian roots (...)"“
[19]
Gil Marks. Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. John Wiley and Sons, 2010 — 355-bet.
[20]
Martirosyan, Hrach. Etymological dictionary of the Armenian inherited lexicon. Brill, 2011 — 305-bet. ISBN 9789004173378.
[21]
„lavaş“. Nişanyan Sözlük. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 24-may.
[22]
„Mayasız lavaş ekmek tarifi“. www.hurriyet.com.tr.
[23]
Her Yönü ile Ani. TTOK, 2019.
[24]
„Lavash Pizza With Tomatoes, Mozzarella and Goat Cheese“. New York Times.
[25]
Кулиева Н. М. Современная сельская семья и семейный быт в Азербайджане / Под ред. доктора исторических наук Т. Г. Мусаевой. — Б.: «Элм», 2011. — С. 97.
[26]
Кулиева Н. М. Современная сельская семья и семейный быт в Азербайджане / Под ред. доктора исторических наук Т. Г. Мусаевой. — Б.: «Элм», 2011. — С. 122.
[27]
„Lavash“. 2022-yil 13-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 22-oktyabr.

[1] [1]
Kipfer, Barbara Ann. The Culinarian: A Kitchen Desk Reference. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012-04-11 — 334-bet. ISBN 9780544186033. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 1-iyun. „LAVASH, LAVOSH, LAHVOSH, LAWAASH, or LAWASHA, also called ARMENIAN CRACKER BREAD, CRACKER BREAD, or PARAKI, is a round, thin Middle Eastern bread that is soft like a tortilla or hard like a cracker.“

[2] [2]
Alan Davidson. The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press, 1999 — 456-bet. ISBN 978-0192806819. „Lavash a thin crisp bread usually made with wheat flour made in a variety of shapes all over the regions of the South Caucasus, Iran (where it is often so thin as to be like tissue and can be almost seen through), and Afghanistan. It is leavened and baked in a tandoor. Lavash is served with kebabs and is used to scoop up food or wrap round food before being eaten. Its origins are ancient and it is also known as lavaş depending on the region. As in the other countries of this region large batches of this bread are made and stored for long periods. In Turkey they are stored on a board suspended by all four corners from the ceiling. The bread becomes dry and is restored by sprinkling with water and reheated as and when needed. Yufka is also a name for filo pastry.“

[3] [3]
Morgan, Diane. Skinny Dips. Chronicle Books, 2010 — 14-bet. ISBN 978-1452100241. „Lavash, lavosh, or lahvosh is a gigantic, paper-thin, blistery, tortilla-like flatbread common throughout Armenia, Turkey, and Iran.“

[4] [4]
„Tastes of Memory: How to Bake an Authentic Armenian Lavash“. Smithsonian.

[5] [5]
„Lavash“ (2020-yil 26-fevral).

[unesco-6] [6]
„Lavash, the preparation, meaning and appearance of traditional bread as an expression of culture in Armenia, Inscribed in 2014 (9.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Country(ies): Armenia“. unesco.org. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 16-mart.

[unesco2-7] [7]
„Flatbread making and sharing culture: Lavash, Katyrma, Jupka, Yufka“. unesco.org. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 1-dekabr.

[8] [8]
„İNCE EKMEK YAPMA VE PAYLAŞMA KÜLTÜRÜ“. Kültür Portalı.

[9] [9]
„Lavash“. The American Heritage Dictionary.

[10] [10]
Lomsadze, Giorgi. „Armenia, Azerbaijan at Loggerheads Over Lavash“. EurasiaNet (2014-yil 3-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2016-yil 10-dekabr.

[11] [11]
McKernan, Bethan. „A 'pizza war' has broken out between Turkey and Armenia“. The Independent (2016-yil 27-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2016-yil 10-dekabr.

[12] [12]
Sergio O. Serna-Saldivar. Cereal Grains: Laboratory Reference and Procedures Manual.. CRC Press, 2012 — 217-bet. ISBN 9781439855652. „Lavash is another popular flat cracker bread with ancient roots in Armenia.“

[Albala-13] [13]
Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia, Volume 1 Albala, Ken: . Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press — 5-bet. ISBN 9780313376269. „...on lavash, a traditional flatbread of Armenia similar to tortilla...“

[14] [14]
Goldstein, Darra. A Taste of Russia: A Cookbook of Russian Hospitality, 2nd, Montpelier, VT: Russian Life Books, 1999 — 185-bet. ISBN 9781880100424. „Armenian Flat Bread Lavash: Lavash has been baked for centuries in Armenia.“

[Khanam-15] [15]
Khanam, R.. Encycl. Ethnography Of Middle-East And Central Asia (3 Vols. Set), 1st, New Delhi: Global Vision, 2005 — 55-bet. ISBN 9788182200623. „The t'onir is a round hole dug in the ground, which can be used for baking Armenian flat bread (lavash) and for heating the home in winter.“

[16] [16]
Karizaki, Vahid Mohammadpour (2017-03-01). "Ethnic and traditional Iranian breads: different types, and historical and cultural aspects". Journal of Ethnic Foods 4 (1): 8–14. doi:10.1016/j.jef.2017.01.002. ISSN 2352-6181. "The origin of lavash is most probably from Iran, according to the state of the encyclopedia of Jewish food."

[marks-17] [17]
Marks, Gil. Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010 — 355-bet. ISBN 978-0470391303.

[18] [18]
Reinhart, Peter. The Bread Baker's Apprentice: Mastering the Art of Extraordinary Bread. Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony, 2011 — 178-bet. ISBN 978-1607741299. „"Lavash, though usually called Armenian flatbread, also has Iranian roots (...)"“

[Marks_2010_-_Lavash-19] [19]
Gil Marks. Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. John Wiley and Sons, 2010 — 355-bet.

[20] [20]
Martirosyan, Hrach. Etymological dictionary of the Armenian inherited lexicon. Brill, 2011 — 305-bet. ISBN 9789004173378.

[21] [21]
„lavaş“. Nişanyan Sözlük. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 24-may.

[22] [22]
„Mayasız lavaş ekmek tarifi“. www.hurriyet.com.tr.

[23] [23]
Her Yönü ile Ani. TTOK, 2019.

[24] [24]
„Lavash Pizza With Tomatoes, Mozzarella and Goat Cheese“. New York Times.

[25] [25]
Кулиева Н. М. Современная сельская семья и семейный быт в Азербайджане / Под ред. доктора исторических наук Т. Г. Мусаевой. — Б.: «Элм», 2011. — С. 97.

[26] [26]
Кулиева Н. М. Современная сельская семья и семейный быт в Азербайджане / Под ред. доктора исторических наук Т. Г. Мусаевой. — Б.: «Элм», 2011. — С. 122.

[27] [27]
„Lavash“. 2022-yil 13-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 22-oktyabr.

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[27]

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Lavash

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