سیاہ قلعی دار شمالی برتنوں کی ثقافت

سیاہ قلعی دار شمالی برتنوں کی ثقافت برصغیر کے ایک شہری ہندوستان کے آہنی دور|آہنی دور کی ایک ثقافت ہے جو منقش خاکستری برتنوں کی ثقافت اور سیاہ و سرخ برتنوں کی ثقافت کے بعد تقریباً 700-200 قبل مسیح (ابتدائی سیاہ قلعی دار شمالی برتنوں کی ثقافت 1200 اور 700 قبل مسیح کے درمیان) تک جاری رہی۔^[1] یہ ویدک دور کے آخر میں تقریباً 700 قبل مسیح کے آغاز میں ابھری اور تقریباً 500-300 قبل مسیح میں شمالی ہندوستان میں 16 عظیم ریاستوں یا مہا جن پدوں کا ظہور ہوا اور موریا سلطنت کے بعد اس کا عروج ہوا۔

حالیہ آثار قدیمہ کے شواہد نے سیاہ قلعی دار شمالی برتنوں کی ثقافت کی تاریخ کو نالندہ ضلع، بہار میں 1200 قبل مسیح تک بتایا ہے، جہاں اس کے ابتدائی واقعات کو ریکارڈ کیا گیا ہے اور جوفردیہ کے مقام سے کاربن ڈیٹ کیا گیا ہے۔^[2] اسی طرح بنوں سے اکرا اور تیر کالا دھیری کے مقامات نے 900-790 ق م اور 1000-400 ق م،^[3] اور ایودھیا میں 13ویں صدی ق م یا 1000 ق م کے قریب کاربن ڈیٹنگ فراہم کی ہے۔^[4]^[5]^[6]

حوالہ جات

[1]
Strickland, K. M., R. A. E. Coningham, et al., (2016). "Ancient Lumminigame: A Preliminary Report on Recent Archaeological Investigations at Lumbini's Village Mound" آرکائیو شدہ (Date missing) بذریعہ doa.gov.np (Error: unknown archive URL), in Ancient Nepal, Number 190, April 2016, p. 10.
[2]
Tewari, Rakesh, (2016). "Excavation at Juafardih, District Nalanda (Bihar)" آرکائیو شدہ (Date missing) بذریعہ asihyderabadcircle.com (Error: unknown archive URL), in Indian Archaeology 2006-07 - A Review, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, pp. 6-8: "... Layer 13, the uppermost deposit of Period I, has provided a C14 date of 1354 BCE, it may thus be seen that the C14 dates of Period I and II are consistent and justifiably indicate that the conventional date bracket for NBPW requires a fresh review at least for the sites in Magadh region..."
[3]
Mukhtar Ahmed (2014)۔ Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History: Volume V: The End of the Harappan Civilization, and the Aftermath۔ Amazon۔ صفحہ: 127: "...recent excavation in the Bannu district at the sites of Akra (900-790 BCE) and Ter Kala Dheri (1000-400 BCE) have provided radiocarbon dates which would push the chronology of NBP at Charsadda and Taxila to as early as 900 BCE..."۔ ISBN 978-1499709827
[4]
Kumar, K., (2005). "Archaeology of the Ramayana Sites: A Review of the Problem in the Light of Recent Excavations at Ayodhya", in Pragdhara 15, pp. 264-265.
[5]
Dr Anand Shanker Singh (20 Nov 2017)۔ "The Chronology of Northern Black Polished Ware : Recent Perspectives"۔ International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology IJSRST۔ 3: 1488–1492: "...The emergent picture is that the beginning of NBPW could safely be pushed to circa 700 BCE, if not earlier (Ayodhya 1003 BCE & Juafardih 1200 BCE) and therefore, the NBPW period ranges from 700 BCE to 50 BCE..."
[6]
Michel Danino۔ "A Timeline of Ayodhya" (بزبان انگریزی): 2-6 (Period I: Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) c. 1300 BC - 300 BC Period I: The Human activity at the [Ram Janambhumi - Babri Masjid] dates back to the circa: thirteenth century B.C. on the bases of the scientific dating method providing the only archaeological evidence for such an early dating of the human occupation at the site (Sharma 2011:48). People using Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) a pottery type generally associated with the urbanization of the ganges plains were the first occupants of the site at Ayodhya)

[Strickland,_K._M.-1] [1]
Strickland, K. M., R. A. E. Coningham, et al., (2016). "Ancient Lumminigame: A Preliminary Report on Recent Archaeological Investigations at Lumbini's Village Mound" آرکائیو شدہ (Date missing) بذریعہ doa.gov.np (Error: unknown archive URL), in Ancient Nepal, Number 190, April 2016, p. 10.

[2] [2]
Tewari, Rakesh, (2016). "Excavation at Juafardih, District Nalanda (Bihar)" آرکائیو شدہ (Date missing) بذریعہ asihyderabadcircle.com (Error: unknown archive URL), in Indian Archaeology 2006-07 - A Review, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, pp. 6-8: "... Layer 13, the uppermost deposit of Period I, has provided a C14 date of 1354 BCE, it may thus be seen that the C14 dates of Period I and II are consistent and justifiably indicate that the conventional date bracket for NBPW requires a fresh review at least for the sites in Magadh region..."

[3] [3]
Mukhtar Ahmed (2014)۔ Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History: Volume V: The End of the Harappan Civilization, and the Aftermath۔ Amazon۔ صفحہ: 127: "...recent excavation in the Bannu district at the sites of Akra (900-790 BCE) and Ter Kala Dheri (1000-400 BCE) have provided radiocarbon dates which would push the chronology of NBP at Charsadda and Taxila to as early as 900 BCE..."۔ ISBN 978-1499709827

[4] [4]
Kumar, K., (2005). "Archaeology of the Ramayana Sites: A Review of the Problem in the Light of Recent Excavations at Ayodhya", in Pragdhara 15, pp. 264-265.

[5] [5]
Dr Anand Shanker Singh (20 Nov 2017)۔ "The Chronology of Northern Black Polished Ware : Recent Perspectives"۔ International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology IJSRST۔ 3: 1488–1492: "...The emergent picture is that the beginning of NBPW could safely be pushed to circa 700 BCE, if not earlier (Ayodhya 1003 BCE & Juafardih 1200 BCE) and therefore, the NBPW period ranges from 700 BCE to 50 BCE..."

[6] [6]
Michel Danino۔ "A Timeline of Ayodhya" (بزبان انگریزی): 2-6 (Period I: Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) c. 1300 BC - 300 BC Period I: The Human activity at the [Ram Janambhumi - Babri Masjid] dates back to the circa: thirteenth century B.C. on the bases of the scientific dating method providing the only archaeological evidence for such an early dating of the human occupation at the site (Sharma 2011:48). People using Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) a pottery type generally associated with the urbanization of the ganges plains were the first occupants of the site at Ayodhya)

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