Ɔman Ho Dɔ (Nationalism)

Wɔatwerɛ saa nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi kasa mu

Nationalism (Ɔman Ho Dɔ) yɛ adwene mu ne kuo a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ nkuro no ne ɔman no yɛ pɛ.^[1][1] Saa kuo no, ɛtaa hyɛ ɔman pɔtee bi anigyeɛ ho nkuran (te sɛ dea ɛwɔ nnipa kuo bi mu),^[1] titire a ne botaeɛ ne sɛ ɛbɛnya amammuo mu tumidie (self-governance) wɔ ne kuro so na wakura mu de abɔ kuro-ɔman. Ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman biara di ne ho so, a abɔntenfoɔ mfa wɔn ho nhyɛ mu (self-determination), sɛ ɔman yɛ abɔdeɛ mu nnyinasoɔ a ɛyɛ ma amammuosɛm,^[2] na ɔman no nkutoo ne amammuo tumi fibea a ɛfata^[1][2] . Deɛ ɛsi n'ani so bi ne sɛ ɛbɛkyekyere na akura ɔman baakoyɛ mu, a ɛgyina asetena mu su ahodoɔ a wɔkyɛ te sɛ amammerɛ, mmusuakuo, asasesin, kasa, amammuosɛm (anaa aban), nyamesom, atetesɛm ne gyidie a wɔwɔ wɔ abakɔsɛm baako pɛ a wɔkyɛ mu a wɔaka abom so,^[2][2] na wɔde ahyɛ ɔman baakoyɛ anaa baakoyɛ ho nkuran.^[1] Ɔmampɛ, hwehwɛ sɛ ɛbɛkora ɔman bi atetesɛm amammerɛ so na wɔahyɛ no den.^[2] Nkyerɛaseɛ ahodoɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa "ɔman" ho, a ɛde ɔman ho dɔ ahodoɔ ba.^[2] Nnoɔma titire mmienu a ɛsono ɛmu biara ne mmusuakuo mu ɔmampɛ ne ɔmanfoɔ mampɛ.

Ɛfiri afeha a ɛtɔ so du nnɔtwe awieɛ, titire berɛ a French man Anidan ne nnyinasosɛm a ɛne sɛ nnipa tumidie anaasɛ wɔn ankasa gyinaeɛ si trɛɛ no, amammusɛm ho animdefoɔ na wɔde adwene a ɛne sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ "ɔmanfoɔ" di tumi no baeɛ.^[3] Wɔde nsusuiɛ atitire mmiɛnsa adi dwuma de akyerɛkyerɛ ɔmampɛ a ɛbaeɛ no mu:

1. Mfitiaseɛ adwene (perennialism) nyaa nkɔsoɔ kaa ɔmampɛ ho wɔ ɔdɔ berɛ no mu na wɔkae sɛ aman wɔ hɔ bere nyinaa. Ɛfiri saa berɛ no, nwomanimfoɔ dodoɔ no ara apo saa adwene yi,^[4] na mprempren wɔbu aman sɛ wɔkyekyere wɔn wɔ asetra mu na wɔhyɛ abakɔsɛm mu.^[2][5]
2. Nnɛyi nsusuwiiɛ, a mprempren ɛyɛ ɔmampɛ ho nsusuwii a wogye tom sen biara,^[6] fa ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ adansi ho nhyehyɛe na ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔmampɛ baeɛ esiane nnɛyi nneɛma a ɛkɔ so, te sɛ mfiridwuma mu nkɔso, nkurow akɛse mu nkɔso, ne nnipadɔm nhomasua, a ɛmaa ɔman adwene tumi yɛɛ yiye nti.^[5][7] Wɔn a wɔkamfo saa nsusuwiiɛ yi kyerɛ no ka aman ho asɛm sɛ " mpɔtam a wɔayɛ ho mfonini wɔ wɔn adwene mu " na ɔmampɛ sɛ " atetesɛm a wɔayɛ " a nkate a wɔkyɛ ma wonya nnipakuw nipasu bi na ɛkyekyere ankorankoro bom wɔ amammui mu biakoyɛ mu.^[5][8][9]
3. Nsusuwiiɛ a ɛto so mmiɛnsa, mmusuakuo mu sɛnkyerɛnnedeɛ kyerɛkyerɛ ɔmampɛ mu sɛ nea efi sɛnkyerɛnnede, anansesɛm, ne atetesɛm mu ba, na ɛne Anthony D. Smith adwuma no wɔ abusuabɔ .^[10]

Abrabɔ pa ho mfasoɔ a ɛwɔ nationalism so, abusuabɔ a ɛda ɔmampɛ ne ɔman ho dɔ ntam, ne ɔmampɛ ne amansan nyinaa mu nnipa ho dɔ a ɛne ne ho hyia no nyinaa yɛ nsɛm a nyansapɛ mu akyinnyegye wom.[12] Wobetumi de ɔmampɛ aka amammuo botaeɛ ne adwene ahodoɔ te sɛ conservatism (ɔman conservatism ne nifa fam populism) anaa socialism (benkum fam ɔmampɛ) ho.[17][18][19][20] Wɔ nneyɛe mu no, wobu ɔmampɛ sɛ ɛyɛ papa anaa bɔne a egyina n’adwene ne nea efi mu ba so. Ɔmampɛ ayɛ ade a ɛwɔ ahofadi ne atɛntrenee akuw ahorow mu,[21] wɔde abata amammerɛ mu nkanyan ho,[8] na ɛhyɛ ɔman nkɔso ho ahantan ho nkuran.[22] Wɔde adi dwuma nso de ama mmusuakuw, mmusuakuw, ne nyamesom mu mpaapaemu ayɛ nea ɛfata, asiw nnipa kakraa bi ano anaasɛ wɔtow hyɛ so, na wɔsɛe nnipa hokwan ne demokrase atetesɛm.[12]

Nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma

Asɛmti kratafa a ɛfiri nea ɛtɔ so mmiɛnu no mu(Amsterdam 1631) De jure belli ac pacis

Wɔyɛɛ nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma wɔ "aman", "tumidi" ne nsusuwii ahorow a ɛbata ho no mu kɛse denam Hugo Grotius a ɔkyerɛwee wɔ De jure belli ac pacis mu wɔ afeha a ɛto so 17 mfiase no so. Esiane sɛ na

Grotius te Mfe Aduɔwɔtwe Ko a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Spain ne Netherlands ntam ne Mfirihyia Aduasa Ko a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Katolekfo ne Protestant Europa aman ntam (Katolekfo France wɔ nsraban a anka ɛyɛ Protestantfo nsraban no mu) no mu nti, ɛnyɛ nwonwa sɛ na Grotius dwen nsɛm a ɛfa ntawntawdi a ɛkɔ so wɔ aman ntam wɔ ɔsɔretia a efi nyamesom mu nsonsonoe mu ba no mu. Wɔde asɛmfua ɔman nso dii dwuma yiye ansa na 1800 reba wɔ Europa de akyerɛ ɔman bi mufo ne nnipa dodow a wɔbom yɛ a ebetumi aka abakɔsɛm, mmara, kasa, amammui hokwan ahorow, nyamesom ne atetesɛm a wɔbom yɛ ho, wɔ ɔkwan bi so a ɛte sɛ nnɛyi de kɛse nyinsɛn a wɔde ma.[23]

Ɔmampɛ sɛnea wonya fii edin a ɛkyerɛ ‘amanaman’ mu no yɛ asɛmfua foforo; wɔ Borɔfo kasa mu no, asɛmfua no fi afe 1798.[24] Asɛmfua no dii kan bɛyɛɛ nea ɛho hia wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mu.[25] Asɛmfua no bɛyɛɛ nea enye kɛse wɔ ne nkyerɛase mu wɔ 1914 akyi Glenda Sluga ka sɛ "Afeha a ɛto so aduonu, bere a na ɔmampɛ ho abasamtu kɛse no nso yɛ wiase nyinaa ayɔnkofa bere kɛse no.

Nhomanimfo kyerɛkyerɛ ɔmampɛ mu sɛ amammui nnyinasosɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman ne ɔman no yɛ pɛ.[1][2][27] Sɛnea Lisa Weeden kyerɛ no, ɔmampɛ adwene fa no sɛ "nnipa" ne ɔman no yɛ pɛ.[28]

Abakɔsɛm

Postcard a ɛfiri 1916 mu a ɛkyerɛ Wiase Ko a ɛdi kan mu Aman a Wɔyɛ Apamfoɔ no bi a wɔn mu biara kura ɔman frankaa

Nwomanimfoɔ taa de nationalism mfiaseɛ to Amerika Ahofadie Mpaemuka anaa French man Anidan no so wɔ afeha a ɛto so du nwɔtwe awieɛ anaa afeha a ɛto so 19 mfiase.[29][30][31] Adwene a ɛwɔ mu ne sɛ wɔde ɔmampɛ sɛ adwene sii hɔ pintinn wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no mu.[32][33][34] Wɔ ɔmampɛ abakɔsɛm mu no, wohu Franse Ɔman Anidan (1789) sɛ mfiase a ɛho hia, ɛnyɛ nkɛntɛnso a enyae wɔ Fransefo ɔmampɛ so nko na mmom kɛse mpo esiane nkɛntɛnso a enyae wɔ Germanfo ne Italiafo ne Europafo anyansafo so nti. Ɔmampɛ ho nhyehyɛe, sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so boaboa ɔmanfo adwene ano twa ɔman foforo a egyina nnipa tumidi so ho hyia no kɔɔ akyiri sen 1789: na nyansapɛfo te sɛ Rousseau ne Voltaire a wɔn adwene nyaa Franse Ɔman Anidan no so nkɛntɛnso no ankasa anya nhwɛso no so nkɛntɛnso anaasɛ wɔahyɛ wɔn nkuran a edi kan no mu ahofadi akuw a wɔpɛ mmarahyɛ bagua, titiriw Corsican Republic (1755–1768) ne Amerika Ɔman Anidan (1775–1783).[36]

Esiane Mfididwuma mu Ɔsesɛw no nti, sikasɛm a wɔaka abom, a ɛka ɔman no ho ne ɔman no ɔmanfo atrae bae, baabi a Britaniafo fii ase boaboaa wɔn ho ano wɔ ɔman no nyinaa mu, sen sɛ wɔbɛboaboa wɔn ho ano wɔ wɔn mantam, kurow anaa abusua.[37] Ɔman ho dɔ a agye din a ɛbae ntɛm no sii wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 mfinimfini na Britania aban ne akyerɛwfo ne anyansafo a na wɔwɔ hɔ saa bere no na wɔhyɛɛ ho nkuran denneennen.[38] Ɔmampɛfo de nsiyɛ yɛɛ ɔman agyiraehyɛde, nnwom, anansesɛm, frankaa ne asɛm a wɔka na wogye toom kɛse. Wɔgyee Union Jack toom wɔ afe 1801 mu sɛ ɔman no deɛ.[39] Thomas Arne na ɔhyehyɛɛ ɔman ho dɔ dwom "Rule, Britannia!" wɔ afe 1740 mu,[40] na mfoniniyɛfo John Arbuthnot yɛɛ John Bull suban sɛ Engiresifo ɔman honhom no nipasu wɔ afe 1712 mu.[41]

Amammuo mu basabasayɛ a ɛbaa afeha a ɛto so 18 awiei a ɛbaa Amerika ne Franse ɔman anidan ahorow ho no maa ɔman ho dɔ ɔmampɛ a ɛtrɛwee no yɛɛ kɛse.[42][43] Napoleon Bonaparte tumidi no maa ɔmampɛ sii hɔ bio bere a ɔtow hyɛɛ Europa fa kɛse no ara so no. Napoleon de hokwan yi dii dwuma de trɛw ɔman anidan adwene mu, na ɛde afeha a ɛto so 19 Europa Ɔmampɛ no fa kɛse no ara bae.[44]

Prussiani nhomanimfo Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) na ɔde asɛmfua no sii hɔ wɔ afe 1772 mu wɔ ne "Treatise on the Origin of Language" a osii dwuma a kasa a wɔtaa ka di so dua no mu.[45][46] Ɔde ɔman ho dɔ ne ɔman ho dɔ ho adwene ahorow no ho hia soronko – "nea wahwere ne ɔman ho dɔ honhom no ahwere ne ho ne wiase nyinaa a ɛfa ne ho", bere a ɔkyerɛkyerɛ sɛ "wɔ ntease pɔtee bi mu no, onipa pɛyɛ biara yɛ ɔman".[47]

Nhomanimfo binom ka sɛ ɔmampɛ ahorow a ɛsono emu biara bae ansa na afeha a ɛto so 18 reba. Amerikani nyansapɛfo ne abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Hans Kohn kyerɛwee wɔ 1944 mu sɛ ɔmampɛ bae wɔ afeha a ɛto so 17 mu.[48] Wɔ Britons, Forging the Nation 1707–1837 (Yale University Press, 1992) mu no, Linda Colley hwehwɛ sɛnea ɔmampɛ dwumadie no puei bɛyɛ afe 1700 na ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Britain a ɛduruu ne nyinaa mu wɔ 1830 mfeɛ no mu. Bere a Britania ɔkyerɛwfo a wagye din H.G. Wells rekyerɛw Wiase Ko I akyi bere tiaa bi no, ɔhwehwɛɛ Europa ɔmampɛ mfiase kosii Ɔsesɛw no akyi, bere a ɛhyɛɛ abrabɔ pa a ɛda hɔ a Kristofo gyidi a ɛrekɔ fam no gyaw hɔ no ma no:

[A]s adwene a ɛne sɛ Kristosom yɛ wiase onuayɛ a nnipa wɔ no memee wɔ animtiaabu mu esiane sɛ ɛne asɔfodi ne Pope Dibea wɔ ɔfa biako ne mmapɔmma tumidi a ɛyɛ hu wɔ ɔfa foforo nti, na gyidi bere no twaam kɔɔ yɛn mprempren yi mu mfe a adwenem naayɛ ne gyidi a wonni nti, mmarima danee wɔn asetra ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu fii Onyankopɔn ahenni ne adesamma onuayɛ so kɔɔ saa nokwasɛm ahorow a ɛda adi sɛ ɛte ase kɛse yi so, France ne England, Russia Kronkron, Spain, Prussia.... **** Wɔ afeha a ɛto so dumiɛnsa ne dunan mu no na Europafo dodoɔ no ara yɛ nyamesomfo na na wɔwɔ ɔman ho dɔ a emu nna hɔ nkutoo; ebeduu nea ɛto so dunkron no na abɛyɛ ɔman ho dɔ koraa.[49]

Sɛ wɔfa primordialist adwene so bɛn no a, nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔrehu amannɔne asraafoɔ kuo bi a wɔaboaboa wɔn ano wɔ ɔman no ahyeɛ so no betumi ahyɛ ɔman kuw bi mufoɔ abufuo ma wɔayɛ biako na wɔaboaboa wɔn ho ano de ayɛ mmuaeɛ. Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛbɛn hɔ a ankorankoro hu tebea horow a ɛnyɛ ntɛm ara anaa nea wɔayɛ ho mfonini wɔ wɔn adwene mu a wɔde ka tebea horow a ɛba ntɛm ara a ɛma ankorankoro hyia tebea a ɛtaa ba a ɛfa nneɛma a ɛfa wɔn adwene ne nea wɔde wɔn adwene si so nyinaa a ɛka wɔn gyinaesi ahorow ho.[161] Sɛnea nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛbɛn saa no ma nkurɔfo gyina tebea horow a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw ne tebea horow a wɔhwɛ kwan so sisi gyinae.[161]

Akasatiafo ka sɛ ɛnyɛ abakɔsɛm mu adanse so na mfitiase nhwɛso ahorow a ɛde ne ho to adannandi adwene so no nnyina abakɔsɛm mu adanse so na mmom nsusuwii ahorow a ɛfa nsakrae a wonhui wɔ mfe mpempem pii mu ho na wosusuw sɛ nnipa dodow a wɔte beae pɔtee bi no awosu mu nneɛma a ɛyɛ pintinn na wontumi nni nsɛm a esisi a ɛyɛ abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm biara a wonim no ho dwuma kwan. Robert Hislope gye akyinnye sɛ:

[T]he articulation of cultural evolutionary theory gyina hɔ ma nsusuwii mu nkɔso wɔ sociobiology so, nanso ne nkyerɛkyerɛmu akatua no da so ara yɛ kakraa bi esiane dwuma a nea ɛba ntɛm di wɔ nnipa nsɛm mu ne hia a nea ɛnyɛ adannandi, a ɛbɛn ade a ɛde ba no kyerɛ nti. Bere a akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ adannandi nkyerɛkyerɛ ma abɔde a nkwa wom nyinaa nkɔso mu da hɔ no, ɛbɛyɛ te sɛ nea ɛyɛ adwuma yiye wɔ nhwehwɛmu akɛse, nkyerɛkyerɛmu mmeae a "akyirikyiri", ne bere tenten adwene mu. Enti, ɛyɛ nea ɛbɛda sintɔ ahorow adi wɔ micro-level events a ɛyɛ nea egyina so kɛse wɔ abɔde mu.[162]

Wɔ 1920 mu no, Engiresini abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo G. P. Gooch kae sɛ “[bere a ɔman ho dɔ akyɛ te sɛ nnipa fekubɔ na ɛde nkakrankakra atrɛw ne fa no mu afi abusuakuw ne abusuakuw no mu akɔ kurow no ne ɔman no mu no, ɔmampɛ sɛ nnyinasosɛm a ɛyɛ adwuma ne gyidi a wɔka no pefee nkutoo na ɛmaa ne.” a ɛda adi wɔ nnɛyi wiase no mu adwene mu akwan a ɛyɛ den kɛse no mu."[163]

Marxfoc Nkyerɛaseɛ ahodoɔ

Wɔ The Communist Manifesto mu no, Karl Marx ne Friedrich Engels kae sɛ "mmarima a wɔyɛ adwuma no nni ɔman biara".[164] Vladimir Lenin foaa adwene a ɛne sɛ obiara besi ne ho gyinae no akyi.[165] Joseph Stalin nhoma Marxism and the National Question (1913) pae mu ka sɛ "ɔman nyɛ abusuakuw anaa abusuakuw, na mmom ɛyɛ nnipa a wɔahyehyɛ wɔn wɔ abakɔsɛm mu;" "ɔman nyɛ akuw a wɔyɛ no kwa anaasɛ bere tiaa mu de, na mmom nnipa kuw a wɔyɛ den"; "wɔhyehyɛ ɔman bi esiane nkitahodi a ɛware na ɛyɛ nhyehyɛe nkutoo nti, esiane nnipa a wɔbom tra awo ntoatoaso akyi awo ntoatoaso"; na, ne nyinaa mu no: "ɔman yɛ nnipa kuw a wɔahyehyɛ wɔn wɔ abakɔsɛm mu, a wogyina pintinn, a egyina kasa koro, asasesin, sikasɛm asetra, ne adwene mu nhyehyɛe a ɛda adi wɔ amammerɛ biako mu so hyehyɛe."[166]

Nneɛma ahorow

Hwɛ nso: Ɔmampɛ ahorow

Abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo, asetra ho animdefo ne nnipa ho animdefo agye ɔmampɛ ahorow ho akyinnye fi anyɛ yiye koraa no 1930 mfe no mu.[167] Mpɛn pii no, ɔkwan a wɔtaa fa so kyekyɛ ɔmampɛ mu ne sɛ wɔbɛka akuw ahorow ho asɛm sɛ wɔwɔ "ɔmanfo" anaa "abusuakuw" ɔmampɛ su ahorow. Saa nsonsonoe yi gyee din wɔ 1950 mfe no mu denam Hans Kohn a ɔkaa "ɔmanfo" ɔmampɛ ho asɛm sɛ "Atɔe Fam" na ɛyɛ demokrase kɛse bere a ɔkyerɛɛ "abusuakuw" ɔmampɛ sɛ "Apuei" ne nea enni demokrase. Efi 1980 mfe no mu no, ɔmampɛ ho abenfo akyerɛ sintɔ ahorow pii wɔ saa mpaapaemu a ɛyɛ katee yi mu na wɔahyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa nkyekyɛmu pɔtee bi ne ahorow pii nkɔ.[169][170]

Nea wɔko tia atubrafo

Ɔmampɛ a ɛko tia atubrafoɔ yɛ adwene mu nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛdii, ɛkaa ho na ɛdii akyire wɔ atubrafoɔ a wɔfiri atubrafoɔ mu wɔ 1900 mfeɛ no mfimfini. Benedict Anderson kyerɛɛ ɔman ase sɛ ɔmanfoɔ a wɔakyekyere wɔn wɔ asetena mu a ankorankoro a wɔyɛ wɔn ho sɛ wɔyɛ saa kuw yi fa na wɔbom bɔ.[12][15] Ɔtwe adwene si Wiase Foforo no so sɛ beae a mfiase no wosusuwii sɛ ɔmampɛ sɛ adwene, a wɔde n’adwene a ɛfa abakɔsɛm mu nipasu a ɛnam nkyerɛase so pow atubrafo nniso ho no so. Wɔyɛɛ ɔmampɛ ho adwene yi ho nhwɛso denam atubrafo atubra aman a wɔsakraa no ma ɛbɛyɛɛ aman no so, bere a ɔmampɛ a wɔsɔre tia atubrafo no yɛ nea wɔyɛe wɔ atubrafo tumi ahorow a wɔyɛe wɔ 1900 mfe no mu no ho nhwɛso.

Ɔmampɛfo a wɔboaboaa wɔn ano wɔ Fransefo atubrafo Afrika ne Britania atubrafo India no nyaa nkɔso "bere a atubrafo nniso ahorow powee sɛ wɔde hokwan ahorow bɛma wɔn atubrafo a wɔresua nhoma yiye kɛse no", a wɔhyehyɛɛ aborɔfo atitiriw na wɔfaa ɔkwan pa so na wɔfaa ɔmampɛ akwan horow so na wɔsakraa no. Ɔman foforo betumi atwa mmusuakuw anaa kasa mu mpaapaemu a na ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no.[12] Ankorankoro a na wɔwɔ nnipa a wɔbom yɛ adwuma na wɔyɛɛ kurom a wonni abɔnten nniso ho mfonini wɔ wɔn adwenem na wodii atubrafo ahofadi akuw a wɔsɔre tiae wɔ Afrika ne Asia wɔ 1900 mfe no mu no anim. Anderson kyerɛ sɛ mmusua mu nyiyim a wɔtaa nya esiane atubrafo nniso nti na wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ ɔmampɛ no fi adesuakuw ho nsusuwii ahorow mmom.[147]

Gellner nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛfa ɔmampɛ ho no kyerɛ sɛ ɔmampɛ yɛ adwuma de ka amammerɛ anaa abusuakuw biako bom wɔ ɔman biako mu, na ɛno ma saa ɔman no di yiye. Wɔ Gellner fam no, ɔmampɛ yɛ mmusuakuw, na ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman no amammui akuw ahorow da mmusuakuw dodow no ara adi wɔ ɔman no mu. Saa ɔmampɛ ho nkyerɛase yi nso boa ma ɔmampɛ a ɛko tia atubrafo, sɛ obi susuw sɛ akuw a wɔsɔre tia atubrafo yɛ akuw a mmusuakuw pɔtee biako na wɔko tia kuw bi a edi tumi a ɛwɔ akyi a.[173] Edward Said nso huu ɔmampɛ sɛ mmusuakuw, anyɛ yiye koraa no ne fa bi, na ɔkyerɛe sɛ ɔmampɛ ho asɛm taa ne mmusua mu nyiyim kɔ so, sɛnea mpɔtam hɔfo kyerɛkyerɛ wɔn ho mu wɔ ɔfoforo no ho no.[174]

Ɔmampɛ a ɛko tia atubrafo no nyɛ nea ɛkɔ so daa na ɔmampɛ ahorow a egyina beae so na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu. Wɔ kuw a wɔsɔre tia atubrafo a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ India asasepɔn no so no, Mahatma Gandhi ne n’ayɔnkofo a wɔwɔ India ahofadi kuw no mu no gyee ɔmampɛ a wɔabom ayɛ ho akyinnye, a na wonnye nni sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde ne nyamesom nipasu kyerɛkyerɛ India man a ɛde ne ho mu ] . Ɛmfa ho ɔsɔretia kɛse no, wɔkyekyɛɛ India asasepɔn no mu yɛɛ no aman abien wɔ 1947 mu: Pakistan a Nkramofo dodow no ara te mu ne India Dominion a Hindufo dodow no ara te mu.[177]

Esiane sɛ atubrafo de ɔman ne aman ntam kwan a ɛfa mmusuakuw, nyamesom, kasa ne abakɔsɛm mu ahye afoforo so nti, ɔmampɛ a ɛko tia atubrafo no ne asase wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse kan. Ahofadi akyi, titiriw wɔ aman a nnipa gu ahorow titiriw a wɔwɔ abakɔsɛm mu nitan mu no, ahofadi akuw nketewa a ɛtoatoa so aba a wɔn nso kyerɛkyerɛ mu denam atubrafo a wɔsɔre tia so.

Nyansapɛfo ne nhomanimfo Achille Mbembe ka sɛ atubrafo akyi yɛ asɛmfua a ɛbɔ abira, efisɛ atubrafo wɔ hɔ bere nyinaa.[178] Wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ saa adwene mu adeyɛ yi mu no hwɛ atubrafo akyi kwan no ho mfonini ɛmfa ho sɛ ɛyɛ wiase no nhyehyɛe a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu no. Eyi te saa wɔ atubrafo a wɔsɔre tia no nso ho. Ɔmampɛ a ɛko tia atubrafo sɛ nyansahu nhyehyɛe no kɔɔ so kosii afeha a ɛto so 20 awiei bere a wɔsɔre tia akuw a ɛwɔ Soviet satellite aman mu no mu na ɛkɔ so wɔ ahofadi akuw a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Arab wiase no mu wɔ afeha a ɛto so 21 yi mu no mu.

Ɔmanfo ne ahofadi

Asɛm titiriw: Ɔmanfo ɔmampɛ

Ɔmanfoɔ ɔmampɛ kyerɛkyerɛ ɔman mu sɛ nnipa a wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ɔman no muni, a wɔwɔ amammui mu hokwan a ɛyɛ pɛ na wɔkyɛ, ne nokwaredi ma amammuisɛm mu akwan a ɛte saa ara. Sɛnea ɔmanfo ɔmampɛ nnyinasosɛm ahorow kyerɛ no, ɔman no nnyina mmusuakuw a wofi mu biako so, na mmom ɛyɛ amammui kuw a ne nipasu titiriw nyɛ mmusuakuw. Saa ɔmanfo adwene a ɛfa ɔmampɛ ho yi yɛ nhwɛso wɔ Ernest Renan mu wɔ ne kasa a ɔmae wɔ 1882 mu "Dɛn ne Ɔman?", faako a ɔkyerɛɛ ɔman no ase sɛ "da biara da ɔmanfo a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔpaw wɔn" (a wɔtaa kyerɛ ase sɛ "da biara da ɔmanfo a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔpaw wɔn") a egyina ne nkurɔfo apɛde so sɛ kɔ so tra faako a wɔbom tra.[179]

Mpɛn pii no, wɔde ɔmanfo ɔmampɛ bata ɔmampɛ a ɛma ahofadi ho, ɛwom sɛ ɛsono abien no de, na ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na na ɛne ne ho hyia de. Ɔkwan biako so no, kosii afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei ne afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase no, na wɔn a wɔbata akuw a wɔsɔre tia Nimdeɛ Te sɛ Franse Mmarahyɛ Bagua anaa Spain Carlism akyi no taa pow ɔman biakoyɛ a ɛma ahofadi, ɔman biakoyɛ no, nanso na ɛnyɛ ɔman a efi mmusuakuw mu na wɔde wɔn ho to so na mmom ahemman a ɛnyɛ ɔman de ne ɔmantam feudal hokwan ahorow. Ahɔho tan akuw ahorow a ɛwɔ Europa Atɔe Fam aman a wɔde asi hɔ akyɛ mu no taa fa ‘ɔmanfo ɔman’ kwan so ampa, na wɔpow tumi a kuw bi a wɔde ama no betumi de wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔman no mu esiane sɛ ɛyɛ ɔman bi a ɛtwam ahye mufo nti (Irish Katolekfo wɔ Britain, Ashkenazi Yudafo a wɔwɔ France) . . Ɔkwan foforo so no, bere a na wɔtaa de aman nketewa mu mpaapaemu akuw bata mmusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ ho no, na eyi nyɛ saa bere nyinaa, na na ɔmampɛfo te sɛ Corsican Republic, United Irishmen, Breton Federalist League anaa Catalan Republican Party betumi aka ɔmanfo-ɔman a wɔyɛ biako no a wɔpow no bom ɔman a ɛwɔ gyidi a ɛwɔ amansan nyinaa mu ahofadi mu.

Ɔmampɛ a ɛma ahofadi yɛ ɔmampɛ a ɛnyɛ ahɔho ho tan a wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛne ahofadi gyinapɛn ahorow a ɛfa ahofadi, abodwokyɛre, pɛyɛ, ne ankorankoro hokwan ahorow hyia.[180][181][182] Wɔtaa susuw sɛ Ernest Renan[183] ne John Stuart Mill[184] yɛ ɔmampɛfo a wodii kan gyee ahofadi. Ɔmampɛfoɔ a wɔpɛ ahofadi taa bɔ ɔman nipasu boɔ ho ban denam ka a wɔka sɛ ankorankoro hia ɔman nipasu na wɔatumi atra ase a nteaseɛ wom, a ɛwɔ ahofadie,[185][186] na ahofadi demokrase amammuisɛm hia ɔman nipasu na ama ayɛ adwuma yie.

Ɔmanfo ɔmampɛ da atetesɛm a ɛne ntease ne ahofadi ho adwene mu, nanso sɛ́ ɔmampɛ bi no, wɔtaa de toto mmusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ ho. Wɔde ɔmanfo ɔmampɛ ne aman a wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ mu akyɛ a na wɔn ahemman sodifo de nkakrankakra anya nsasesin ahorow pii a ɛsono emu biara, a nsakrae kakraa bi na ɛbae wɔ ahye so, nanso na abakɔsɛm mu nnipa a wofi kasa ne/anaasɛ bɔneka mu nsɛm pii wom no wɔ abusuabɔ. Esiane sɛ ebia ankorankoro a ɔte ɔman no asasesin no afa horow no nni adwene koro a ɛda adi pefee nti, ɔmanfo ɔmampɛ nyaa nkɔso sɛ ɔkwan a sodifo bɛfa so akyerɛkyerɛ nnɛyi ntease a enti a ɛsono emu biara a ɛte saa mu na wɔde atirimpɔw biako ama (Ernest Renan nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛyɛ nwonwa wɔ What is a Nation mu ?(1882) sɛ fekubɔ a wofi wɔn pɛ mu yɛ de yɛ adwuma biako). Renan kae sɛ nneɛma te sɛ mmusuakuw, kasa, nyamesom, sikasɛm, asase ho nsɛm, ahemman a edi tumi ne abakɔsɛm mu asraafo nneyɛe ho hia nanso ɛnnɔɔso. Na honhom mu ɔkra a ɛma kwan sɛ "da biara da referendum" wɔ nkurɔfo no mu no ho hia.[189] Ɔmanfoɔ-ɔman adwene nyaa ananmusifoɔ demokrase nkɔsoɔ so nkɛntɛnsoɔ wɔ aman a mmusuakuo ahodoɔ te sɛ United States ne France, ne afei nso wɔ amansan mmara mu ahemman te sɛ Great Britain, Belgium ne Spain.[62]

Creole kasa mu

Asɛm titiriw: Creole ɔmampɛ

Creole ɔmampɛ ne adwene a epuei wɔ ahofadi akuw ahorow mu wɔ creolefo (atubrafo asefo) mu, titiriw wɔ Latin Amerika wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mfiase mu hɔ. Wɔmaa ɛyɛɛ mmerɛw bere a Franse Ɔhempɔn Napoleon gyee Spain ne Portugal so tumi, na ɔpaapaee tumidi nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn a efi Spain ne Portugal ahemfo so kosii mpɔtam hɔ amrado ahorow so no. Wɔpoo nokwaredi a wɔde bɛma Napoleon aman no, na na creolefo no hwehwɛɛ ahofadi kɛse. Wɔnyaa no wɔ ɔmanko akyi 1808–1826.[190]

Mmusuakuw

Hwɛ nso: Mmusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ

Mmusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ, a wɔsan frɛ no ethno-nationalism, yɛ ɔmampɛ bi a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ "ɔman" mu wɔ mmusuakuw mu.[191] Mmusuakuw mu ɔmampɛfo asɛmti titiriw ne sɛ "wɔde agyapade a wɔkyɛ na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ aman mu, a mpɛn pii no ɛka kasa biako, gyidi biako, ne mmusuakuw biako nananom ho".[192] Ɛsan nso ka amammerɛ bi a kuw no mufo kyɛ ho adwene, ne wɔn nananom ho. Ɛyɛ soronko wɔ amammerɛ mu nkyerɛase ara kwa a wɔde ma wɔ "ɔman no" ho, a ɛma nkurɔfo kwan ma wɔyɛ ɔman bi mufo denam amammerɛ a wɔde bɛka wɔn ho so; na efi kasa mu nkyerɛase ara kwa mu, a sɛnea ɛte no, "ɔman" no yɛ wɔn a wɔka kasa pɔtee bi nyinaa.

Bere a ɔmampɛ ankasa nkyerɛ gyidi a ɛne sɛ mmusuakuw anaa ɔman bi korɔn sen afoforo no, ɔmampɛfo binom gyina mmusuakuw a wodi wɔn so anaasɛ ahobammɔ ho adwene akyi.

Animguase a ɛbae sɛ wɔyɛ ɔman ba a ɔto so abien no maa ɔmantam kakraa bi a wɔwɔ aman a mmusuakuw pii wom te sɛ Great Britain, Spain, France, Germany, Russia ne Ottoman Ahemman no mu no kyerɛkyerɛɛ ɔmampɛ mu wɔ nokwaredi a wodi ma wɔn amammerɛ a ɛyɛ kakraa bi no mu, titiriw kasa ne nyamesom. Na wɔhyɛ obi ma ɔde ne ho hyɛ mu no yɛ nnome.[193]

Wɔ amammerɛ kuw a na wodi amammui mu tumi no fam no, na ɛho hia sɛ wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu na ama wɔatumi atew nokwaredi a wonni ne ɔman anidan so ma enti ɛbɛyɛɛ ɔmampɛ no fa titiriw. Ade a ɛto so abien a ɛmaa kuw a na wodi amammui mu tumi no ne akansi a wɔne aman a ɛbemmɛn wɔn no nyae —na ɔmampɛ fa akansi ho, titiriw wɔ sraadi mu ahoɔden ne sikasɛm mu ahoɔden mu.[194]

Sikasɛm

Hwɛ nso: Sikasɛm mu ɔmampɛ

Sikasɛm mu ɔmampɛ, anaa sikasɛm mu ɔman ho dɔ yɛ adwene a ɛpɛ ɔman de ne ho hyɛ sikasɛm mu, a nhyehyɛe ahorow a esi ɔman no mu tumi a wɔde di sikasɛm, adwumayɛfo, ne kapital a wɔhyehyɛ so dua, sɛ eyi hwehwɛ mpo sɛ wɔde tow ne anohyeto afoforo to adwumayɛfo a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu so a , nneɛma ne kapital.[195]

Bɔbeasu ne ntini mu ahoɔden

Asɛm titiriw: Ɔmampɛ ne ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna

Mmea ho ɔkasatia kyerɛ ɔmampɛ ase sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so ma nna mu tumidi ne nhyɛso fata na wɔma ɛyɛ mmara kwan so de, a mpɛn pii no mmarima tumi bi a ɛwɔ tumi kɛse na ɛyɛ. Ɛnyɛ sɛ ɔmampɛ a wɔde kyerɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna denam adwene a wɔakyekye wɔ asetra mu a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbea ho no na ɛkyerɛ sɛnea mmarima ne mmea kyɛfa a wobenya wɔ saa ɔman no kyekye mu no bɛyɛ nko, na mmom sɛnea ɔmampɛfo bɛyɛ ɔman no ho mfonini wɔ wɔn adwene mu nso. Wobu ɔman a ɛwɔ n’ankasa nipasu sɛ ɛho hia, na mpɛn pii no wontumi nkwati, na wɔde saa nipasu ahorow yi gyina ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam.[197] Wɔtaa de honam fam asase no ankasa yɛ ɔbea (i.e. "Ɛna Man"), a nipadua bi wɔ asiane mu bere nyinaa sɛ amannɔne mmarima bɛto so, bere a wɔde ɔman ahantan ne "ne" ahye ho banbɔ yɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea. Abakɔsɛm, amammui adwene, ne nyamesom ahorow de aman dodow no ara to ɔmampɛ a ɛwɔ ntini mu a ɛkɔ so so.[197] Ntini mu ɔmampɛ fa ɔman bi nipasu ho adwene sɛ efi ntini anaa mmarima su ahorow a ɛyɛ soronko wɔ ɔman pɔtee bi mu.[197] Sɛ wɔte ɔmampɛ ne ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho nkyerɛase ahorow ase sɛ wɔde asetra ne amammerɛ mu a, wobetumi de abien no abom denam "yɛn" ne "wɔn" ntam nsonsonoe a wɔbɛfrɛ no so a atirimpɔw no ne sɛ wɔbɛyi nea wɔfrɛ no "ɔfoforo," a wɔde di dwuma no afi mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛhyɛ ɔman no abusuabɔ a ɛka bom no mu den.[196] Tumi a wɔde ma ɔbarima ne ɔbea, ɔman anaa nna mu abusuabɔ taa ba wɔ ɔfoforo a wɔsɛe no na wɔmma wɔn tumi; saa kwan yi so no, wobetumi de ɔmampɛ adi dwuma sɛ adwinnade a wɔde bɛma tumi nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛyɛ heteronormative akɔ so atra hɔ.[199] Ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ ɔmampɛ a ɛwɔ tumi kɛse wɔ aman dodow no ara mu wɔ wiase no mu no anya nkɛntɛnso titiriw wɔ ɛnyɛ ankorankoro osuahu a ɔtraa ase nko so, na mmom amanaman ntam abusuabɔ nso.[200] Abakɔsɛm mu no, atubrafo ne ɔmampɛ a ɛwɔ ntini mu no abɔ mu kɛse, efi nhwehwɛmu a ɛde mmarimayɛ a wɔyɛ tumidi ne ahemman a wɔkyekye bata ho,[196] kosi nhyɛso a ɛda ntam a wɔde atubrafo mfonini ahorow a ɛfa "ɔfoforo" no bu no bem, adeyɛ a ɛho hia wɔ Atɔe Famfo nipasu a wɔhyehyɛ mu. Saa "afoforo" yi betumi aba wɔ apuei famfo kwan so, a ɛnam so ma Apuei famfo yɛ mmea na Atɔe Famfo de wɔn ho hyɛ nna mu. Apuei a wɔyɛ mmea, anaa "afoforo" a wɔyɛ ho mfonini wɔ wɔn adwene mu no wɔ hɔ a ɛne Atɔe Fam a wɔyɛ mmarima no bɔ abira.

Aman a wɔadi so nkonim no gyinabea betumi abɛyɛ nea ɛde ba ho asɛnnennen: wodii ɔman no so nkonim efisɛ na wɔyɛ mmea na wohuu wɔn sɛ mmea efisɛ wodii wɔn so nkonim. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobebu ɔman bi sɛ "ɛfata" no, ɛsɛ sɛ ɛwɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbea su a ɛne mmarimayɛ, a ɛne mmea su a ɛyɛ stereotypically a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ wɔn ho ase na wɔde wɔn ho to wɔn so no bɔ abira.[197] Mpɛn pii no, wontumi ntetew ɔmampɛ a ɛwɔ ntini mu no mfi ɔkofo adwene a ɛwɔ adwene koro wɔ aman pii mu no ho; wɔde mmarima adwene a ɛfa basabasayɛ, ɔpɛ a wɔwɔ sɛ wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ ɔko mu, gyinaesi, ne ntini mu ahoɔden so na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu, a ɛne mmea adwene a ɛne asomdwoe, mmerɛwyɛ, basabasayɛ a wɔnyɛ, ne ayamhyehye bɔ abira. Wɔasusuw sɛ saa ɔkofo mfonini a wɔayɛ no ɔbarima yi yɛ "abakɔsɛm ne asetra mu nsɛm a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho a ɛtoatoa so" a wɔadi agoru wɔ ɔman ne amanaman ntam tebea mu no awiei.[196] Adwene a ɛfa amammerɛ mu abien ho —a ɛfa ɔbarima a ɔyɛ ɔko ne ɔbea a ne ho tew ho —a ɛda adi wɔ ɔmampɛ a ɛwɔ ntini mu no, si ɔman nipasu a ɛwɔ tumi kɛse no su a ɛyɛ mmusuakuw, kuw, ɔbarima ne ɔbea, ne heteronormative su so dua.

Aman ne mmarima ne mmaa nhyehyeɛ yɛ adansiɛ a ɛboa wɔn ho wɔn ho: ɔman no di mmarima adwene a ɛfa yɔnko ne onuayɛ ho no ho dwuma.[202] Wɔaka mmarimayɛ ho asɛm sɛ ade titiriw a ɛde amammui mu akodi ba.[202] Ade a ɛtaa ba ɔman ahokyere mu ne nsakrae kɛse a ɛba wɔ akwan a asetra mu gye tom a wɔfa so yɛ ɔbarima no mu,[203] a afei ɛboa ma wɔhyehyɛ adwene a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbea ho wɔ ɔman no nyinaa ho.

Integral, pan ne irredentism

Nsɛm atitiriw: Ɔmampɛ a edi mũ, Irredentism, ne Pan-nationalism

Ɔmampɛ ahodoɔ bi wɔ hɔ a Risorgimento ɔmampɛ ne Integral ɔmampɛ ka ho.[204][205] Bere a risorgimento ɔmampɛ fa ɔman a ɛrehwehwɛ sɛ ɛde ɔman a ɛma ahofadi besi hɔ ho (sɛ nhwɛso no, Risorgimento a ɛwɔ Italy ne akuw a ɛte saa ara a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Greece, Germany, Poland wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mu anaasɛ ɔmanfo Amerika ɔmampɛ) ho no, ɔmampɛ a ɛyɛ den fi mu ba bere a ɔman bi anya ahofadi akyi na de ɔman bi asi hɔ. Sɛnea Alter ne Brown kyerɛ no, na Fasist Italy ne Nasi Germany yɛ ɔmampɛ a ɛho hia ho nhwɛso.

Su ahorow a ɛda ɔmampɛ a ɛho hia adi no bi ne ankorankoro a wɔsɔre tia, ɔman ho adwemmɔne, kateeyɛ a emu yɛ den, ne asraafo a wɔyɛ basabasa a wɔtrɛw mu. Asɛmfua Integral Nationalism taa ne fasist nniso di nsɛ, ɛwom sɛ abɔde mu nneɛma pii a wɔn adwene nhyia wɔ hɔ de. Ɔmampɛ a edi mũ sɔre wɔ aman a asraafo su a emu yɛ den agye ntini denam ahofadi ho apereperedi no so, bere a, sɛ wonya ahofadi pɛ a, wogye di sɛ asraafo a wɔyɛ den ho hia na ama ɔman foforo no anya ahobammɔ ne nea ebetumi ayɛ adwuma no. Afei nso, ahofadi ho apereperedi a ɛte saa a edi mu no ma wɔte nka sɛ ɔman korɔn a ebetumi ama wɔanya ɔmampɛ a ɛtra so.

Pan-nationalism yɛ soronko efisɛ ɛfa beae kɛse bi ho. Pan-nationalism twe adwene si mmusuakuw "akuw" so kɛse. Pan-Slavism yɛ Pan-nationalism ho nhwɛso biako. Botae no ne sɛ wɔbɛka Slavfo nyinaa abom ayɛ wɔn ɔman biako. Wodii nkonim ampa denam anafo fam Slavfo pii a wɔkaa wɔn boom baa Yugoslavia wɔ 1918 mu no so.[206]

Benkum fam ntaban

Asɛm titiriw: Benkum fam ɔmampɛ

Benkum fam ɔmampɛ, a ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔfrɛ no sohyialist ɔmampɛ, a ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde frafra German fasist "Ɔman Sohyialism",[207] yɛ amammui kuw a ɛka benkum fam amammuisɛm ne ɔmampɛ bom.

Ɔmampɛ akuw pii de wɔn ho ama ɔman ahofadi, wɔ adwene a ɛne sɛ aman afoforo retaa wɔn aman ma enti ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn ho si wɔn ho so denam ahofadi a wobegye afi ɔtaafo a wɔabɔ wɔn sobo no nsam no so. Marxism a ɛko tia nsakrae–Leninism ne saa adwene yi wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse, na nhwɛso ahorow a mfaso wɔ so bi ne Stalin mfitiase adwuma Marxism ne Ɔman Asɛmmisa ne ne sohyialism wɔ ɔman biako ahyɛde mu, a ɛpae mu ka sɛ wobetumi de ɔmampɛ adi dwuma wɔ amanaman ntam abusuabɔ mu, a wɔko ma ɔman ahofadi a enni hɔ mmusuakuw anaa nyamesom mu mpaapaemu.

Benkum fam ɔmampɛ ho nhwɛso afoforo ne Fidel Castro July 26th of July Kuw a ɛde Cuba Ɔman Anidan no sii hɔ wɔ 1959 mu, Cornwall Mebyon Kernow, Ireland Sinn Féin, Wales Plaid Cymru, Galicia Galicia Nationalist Bloc, Awami League wɔ Bangladesh, African National Congress wɔ 1959 mu South Africa ne akuw pii a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Europa Apuei fam.[208][209]

Ɔman-anarchism

Asɛm titiriw: Ɔman-anarchism

Wɔn a wodii kan gyinaa ɔman-anarchism akyi no bi ne Hans Cany, Peter Töpfer ne kan National Front ɔdeyɛfo Troy Southgate, a ɔhyehyɛɛ National Revolutionary Faction, ahyehyɛde a egyina Britania so fi bere a wɔtew a ɛde abusuabɔ bae wɔ benkum fam akyirikyiri ne nifa fam akuw bi mu wɔ United Kingdom ne aman a ɛwɔ Soviet akyi mu no, ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde frafra ɔman-anarchism a ɛwɔ Black Ram Kuw no mu.[210][211][212] Wɔ United Kingdom no, ɔman-anarchistfo ne Albion Awake, Alternative Green (a kan Green Anarchist samufo Richard Hunt tintimii) ne Jonathan Boulter yɛɛ adwuma de yɛɛ Anarchist Heretics Fair.[211] Saa ɔman-anarchistfoɔ no fa wɔn nkɛntɛnsoɔ titire fi Mikhail Bakunin, William Godwin, Peter Kropotkin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Max Stirner ne Leo Tolstoy hɔ.[210]

Gyinabea bi a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Europa wɔ 1990 mfeɛ no mu no, ɔman-anarchist akuo ahunu sɛ ɛresɔre wɔ wiase nyinaa, a ɛda nsow kɛseɛ wɔ Australia (New Right Australia/New Zealand), Germany (International National Anarchism) ne United States (BANA).[211][212 ] . Wɔaka ɔman-anarchism ho asɛm sɛ nifa fam[213][214][215] ɔmampɛ adwene a ɛyɛ katee a ɛkamfo mmusuakuw mu mpaapaemu ne aborɔfo mmusuakuw mu ahotew kyerɛ.[210][211][212] Ɔman-anarchists kyerɛ sɛ wɔde neotribal mmusuakuw ɔmampɛ ne nyansapɛ anarchism bom, titiriw wɔ wɔn mmoa a wɔde ma ɔman a wonni ɔman bere a wɔpo anarchist asetra mu nyansapɛ.[210][211][212] Adwene mu foforo titiriw a ɛwɔ ɔman-anarchism mu ne ne anti-state palingenetic ultranationalism.[213] Ɔman-anarchistfo gyina mpɔtam a ɛyɛ pɛ akyi de si ɔman man ananmu. Ɔman-anarchists ka sɛ wɔn a wofi mmusuakuw anaa mmusuakuw ahorow mu no benya ahofadi sɛ wobenya nkɔso wɔ wɔn ankasa mmusuakuw akuw mu bere a wɔrebɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛyɛ amammui mu mfaso, sikasɛm mu a wɔnyɛ kapitalist, abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ na asetra ne amammerɛ mu atetesɛm.

Ɛwom sɛ asɛmfua ɔman-anarchism no fi 1920 mfe no mu de, nanso nnɛyi ɔman-anarchist kuw no, Britania amammuisɛm ho ɔbenfo Troy Southgate na ɔde too gua fi 1990 mfe no awiei, na ɔde si hɔ sɛ "ɛboro benkum ne nifa so Nhomanimfo kakraa bi a wɔasua ɔman-anarchism ho ade no de ba awiei sɛ egyina hɔ ma nkɔso foforo wɔ nifa famfo a wɔyɛ katee no adwene mu sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ ade foforo koraa wɔ amammuisɛm mu.[213][214][215] Ɔman-anarchism yɛ nea anarchistfo bu no sɛ ɛyɛ totalitarian fascism a wɔsan de din foforo ne oxymoron esiane abirabɔ a ɛwɔ anarchist nyansapɛ a ɛko tia fascism, nhyehyɛe a ɛnteɛ a woyi fi hɔ, ɔman ahye a wobubu ne amansan nyinaa pɛyɛ a ɛda aman ahorow ntam sɛ ɛne adwene a ɛfa anarchism ne fascism ntam nkitahodi ho.[212]

Ɔman-anarchism ama adwenem naayɛ ne nitan a ɛda adi pefee afi benkum fam ne nifa fam akasatiafo nyinaa hɔ.[211][212] Akasatiafo, a nhomanimfo ka ho, bɔ ɔman-anarchistfo sobo sɛ wɔnyɛ hwee sɛ ɔmampɛfo aborɔfo a wɔhyɛ mmusuakuw ne mmusuakuw mu mpaapaemu kwan a ɛfa mpɔtam hɔfo ne mmusua mu nyiyim ho nkuran bere a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ akofofo chic a wɔbɛfrɛ wɔn ho anarchists a wonni abakɔsɛm ne nyansapɛ mu nneɛma a ɛka asɛm a ɛte saa ho, a nea ɛka ho no nyansapɛ a ɛko tia mmusua mu nyiyim a ɛyɛ pɛ a ɛyɛ anarchist ne ntoboa a Yudafo anarchistfo de mae.[211][212] Nhomanimfo binom gye akyinnye sɛ ɔman-anarchism a wɔde bedi dwuma no bɛma ahofadi atrɛw na wɔaka ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ tumidi a ɛko tia ɔman a ɛbɛma tumidi ne nhyɛso aba, wɔ ɔkwan ketewaa bi so.

Nativist

Hwɛ nso: Nativism (amammuisɛm) .

Nativist ɔmampɛ yɛ ɔmampɛ bi a ɛte sɛ creole anaa asasesin mu ɔmampɛ ahorow, nanso ɛkyerɛkyerɛ ɔman bi mufo a wɔwoo no wɔ n’asasesin mu nkutoo so. Wɔ aman a nativist ɔmampɛ a emu yɛ den wɔ hɔ mu no, wobu nnipa a wɔanwo wɔn wɔ ɔman no mu sɛ ɔman mma a wɔsua sen wɔn a wɔwoo wɔn wɔ hɔ no na sɛ wɔbɛyɛɛ abɔde mu de mpo a, wɔfrɛ wɔn atubrafo. Ɛyɛ amammerɛ efisɛ nkurɔfo renhu obi a wɔwoo no wɔ amannɔne sɛ wɔn mu biako da na ɛyɛ mmara kwan so de efisɛ wɔabara nnipa a wɔte saa nkwa nna nyinaa sɛ wɔnyɛ nnwuma bi, titiriw aban nnwuma. Wɔ nhomanimfo adesua mu no, nativism yɛ mfiridwuma mu asɛmfua a wɔtaa de di dwuma, ɛwom sɛ wɔn a wokura amammui adwene yi ntaa nnye din a wɔde frɛ wɔn no ntom de. "[N]ativists . . . mmu wɔn ho sɛ nativists. Wɔn fam no ɛyɛ asɛmfua a enye na mmom wobu wɔn ho sɛ 'Patriots'."[217]

Abusuakuw mu nyiyim

Asɛm titiriw: Abusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ

Abusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ yɛ adwene a ɛkamfo mmusuakuw mu nkyerɛkyerɛmu a wɔde ma wɔ ɔman nipasu ho kyerɛ. Abusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ hwehwɛ sɛ ɛbɛkora abusuakuw bi a wɔde ama no so denam nhyehyɛe ahorow te sɛ mmusuakuw a wɔbɛfrafra ne mmusuakuw afoforo a wotu kɔtra mmeae foforo a wɔbɛbara so. N’adwene taa ne nea ɛfa mmusua mu nyiyim ne amammerɛ ahorow ho bɔ abira tẽẽ.[218][219] Nhwɛso pɔtee bi ne abibifo ɔmampɛ ne aborɔfo ɔmampɛ.

Nyamesom

Asɛm titiriw: Nyamesom mu ɔmampɛ

Nyamesom mu ɔmampɛ yɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda ɔmampɛ ne nyamesom mu gyidi, nkyerɛkyerɛ, anaa fekubɔ pɔtee bi ntam a wobetumi ahu sɛ nyamesom a wɔbom yɛ no boa ma wɔte ɔman biakoyɛ ho nka, abusuabɔ biako a ɛda ɔman no mufo ntam. Saudi Arabia, Iran, Egypt, Iraq, Amerika, India ne Pakistan-Islam ɔmampɛ (Aman Abien Nsusuwii) yɛ nhwɛso ahorow bi.

Asasesin mu nsɛm

Asɛm titiriw: Asasesin mu ɔmampɛ

Ɔmampɛfo binom yi akuw bi fi mu. Afei ɔmampɛfo binom, a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ ɔman no mufo mu wɔ mmusuakuw, kasa, amammerɛ, abakɔsɛm, anaa nyamesom mu (anaasɛ eyinom a wɔaka abom) mu no betumi ahwehwɛ sɛ wobebu nnipa kakraa bi binom sɛ wɔnyɛ ‘ɔmanfo’ no fa ankasa sɛnea wɔkyerɛkyerɛ mu no . Ɛtɔ da bi a, anansesɛm mu kurom ho hia kɛse ma ɔman no nipasu sen asasesin ankasa a ɔman no di so.[220]

Asasesin mu ɔmampɛfo fa no sɛ ɔman pɔtee bi mufo nyinaa de nokwaredi ka ma ɔman a wɔwoo wɔn anaa wɔfaa wɔn sɛ wɔn ba.[221] Wɔhwehwɛ su kronkron bi wɔ ɔman no mu ne nkae a agye din a ɛkanyan no mu. Asasesin mu ɔmampɛfo na wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɔman bayɛ yɛ nea ɛfata. Asasesin mu ɔmampɛ ho gyinapɛn ne sɛ wɔde nnipadɔm, ɔmanfo amammerɛ a egyina ɔmanfo gyinapɛn, mmara ne atetesɛm a wɔbom yɛ so besi hɔ.[222]

Agumadi

Asɛm titiriw: Ɔmampɛ ne agumadi

Agumadi mu ahwɛde te sɛ bɔɔlbɔ Wiase Kupɔn no hyɛ wiase nyinaa atiefo bere a aman reko sɛ wɔbɛkorɔn na akyidifo no de mmoa kɛse ma wɔn ɔman kuw no. Nkɔanim na nnipa de wɔn nokwaredi ne wɔn amammerɛ mu nipasu mpo akyekyere ɔman akuw ahorow.[223] Wiase nyinaa atiefoɔ a wɔnam television ne nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ foforɔ so de wɔn ho ahyɛ mu no ama wɔanya sika afiri aguadeɛ ho dawurubɔfoɔ ne wɔn a wɔkra no hɔ wɔ dɔla ɔpepepem pii, sɛdeɛ FIFA Aniwuosɛm a ɛbaa afe 2015 mu no daa no adi no.[224] Jeff Kingston hwɛ bɔɔlbɔ, Amanaman Nkabom Agumadi, baseball, kriket, ne Olimpik akansi no na ohu sɛ, “Tumi a agumadi wɔ sɛ ɛbɛhyew na ama ɔmampɛ akɔnnɔ ne adwemmɔne ayɛ kɛse no yɛ soronko te sɛ nea tumi a ɛwɔ sɛ ɛkyekye werɛ, ka bom, ma so na ɛma apɛde pa ba no.” ."[225] Adeyɛ no da adi wɔ wiase fa kɛse no ara.[226][227][228] Britania Ahemman no sii agumadi so dua denneennen wɔ n’asraafo ne n’ananmusifo mu wɔ wiase nyinaa, na mpɛn pii no ɛhɔfo de anigye de wɔn ho hyɛ mu.[229] Ɛde akansi bi a ɛwɔ anuonyam kɛse sii hɔ wɔ afe 1930 mu, na wɔtoo din Britania Ahemman Agumadi fi 1930 kosi 1950, Britania Ahemman ne Amanaman Nkabom Agumadi fi 1954 kosi 1966, Britania Amanaman Nkabom Agumadi fi 1970 kosi 1974 ne efi saa bere no Amanaman Nkabom Agumadi.[230]

Franse Ahemman no anka Britaniafo akyi koraa wɔ agumadi a wɔde dii dwuma de hyɛɛ atubrafo biakoyɛ a wɔne France wɔ no mu den no mu. Atubrafo mpanyimfo hyɛɛ apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ, pon so agodie, ne asaw ho nkuran na wɔboaa wɔn na wɔboaa bɔɔlbɔ ma ɛtrɛw kɔɔ Franse atubra aman mu.[231]

Amansan nsanyareɛ

Harris Mylonas ne Ned Whalley boom hyehyɛɛ nsɛmma nhoma titiriw bi a ɛfa "ɔyaredɔm ɔman ho dɔ" a ɛhwehwɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda ɔmampɛ ne COVID-19 ɔyaredɔm ntam.[232] Bere a akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɔmampɛ boa ma wodii ɔhaw ahorow a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ ɔman no ahye so wɔ ɔyaredɔm no mu no so nkonim no, asɛe no wɔ wiase nyinaa. Nhwɛso a emu da hɔ sen biara ne amanaman ntam ahyehyɛde ahorow a wɔantumi anhyehyɛ mmuae a ɛfata no. Sɛnea wɔkae no, "Wɔ ɔyaredɔm no mu no, ɔmampɛ nnipa akontaabu adi nkonim. Wɔatrɛw biakoyɛ mu akɔ aman a wɔka wɔn ho wɔn ho mu nanso ɛnyɛ nea ɛreba kɛse nsen saa bere no. Aman nyinaa ayɛ ho biribi denam dan a wɔdan kɔ wɔn mu no so. Ɔhye a wɔato mu ayɛ ade titiriw wɔ." mmɔdenbɔ a wɔde brɛɛ nneɛma ase fi mfiase pɛɛ, ne lockdowns a wɔmaa ɛyɛɛ mmara kwan so de na wɔtaa de di dwuma denam ɔman ne ɔman ho dɔ ho nsɛm so."[233]

Ka tia

Hwɛ nso: Amanaman ntam nkitahodi (amammui) .

Wɔn a wɔkasa tia ɔmampɛ aka sɛ mpɛn pii no ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee wɔ nea ɛyɛ ɔman, anaasɛ sɛ ebia ɔman bi yɛ amammui nniso kuw a ɛfata. Ɔmampɛfoɔ ka sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman ne ɔman hyeɛ ne wɔn ho wɔn ho hyia, enti ɔmampɛ taa sɔre tia amammerɛ ahodoɔ[234] ne mmusua mu nyiyim a wɔsɔre tia.[218][219] Ebetumi nso de ntawntawdi aba bere a aman akuw bɛboro biako hu sɛ wɔreka sɛ wɔwɔ hokwan wɔ asasesin pɔtee bi mu anaasɛ wɔrehwehwɛ sɛ wobedi ɔman no so no.[6]

Nyansapɛfo A. C. Grayling ka aman ho asɛm sɛ wɔyɛ nneɛma a wɔde nsa ayɛ, "wɔn ahye a wɔde akodi a atwam mogya atwe". Ɔkyerɛ sɛ "ɔman biara nni asase so a ɛnyɛ amammerɛ soronko bɛboro biako nanso ɛtaa tra faako. Amammerɛ agyapade ne ɔman nipasu nyɛ ade koro".[235]

N’akasatiafo bu ɔmampɛ sɛ efi awosu mu na ɛde mpaapaemu ba, efisɛ ebia akyidifo bɛtwe adwene asi nsonsonoe a wosusuw sɛ ɛwɔ nnipa ntam no so na wɔasi so dua, na wɔasi sɛnea ankorankoro bi ne n’ankasa man yɛ no so dua. Wɔsan nso bu adwene no sɛ ebetumi ayɛ nhyɛso, efisɛ ebetumi de ankorankoro nipasu ahyɛ ɔman mũ bi mu na ama nnipa atitiriw anaa amammui akannifo anya hokwan ahorow a wobetumi de adi dwuma anaasɛ wɔadi nnipadɔm no so.[236] Na ɔsɔretia a wodii kan de tiaa ɔmampɛ no mu dodow no ara fa ne asase so amammui adwene a ɛne sɛ ɔman biara benya ɔman a ɛda nsow no ho. Afeha a ɛto so 19 mu ɔmampɛ akuw a wɔtaa yɛ no pow mmusuakuw pii ahemman ahorow a ɛwɔ Europa ankasa, a ɛne ɔmampɛ ho ɔkasatia a ɛkɔɔ so bɛyɛɛ amanaman ntam nkitahodi ne ɔmampɛ ahorow pii bɔ abira. Nkramofo nkanyan a ɛbaa afeha a ɛto so 20 mu no nso de Nkramofo kasatia bi bae wɔ ɔman-man no ho. (hwɛ Pan-Islamism)[237] .

Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei no, Marxfo ne sohyialistfo ne komunisfo afoforo (te sɛ Rosa Luxemburg) yɛɛ amammui mu nhwehwɛmu ahorow a ɛkasa tiaa ɔmampɛ akuw a na ɛyɛ nnam saa bere no wɔ Europa Mfinimfini ne Apuei fam, ɛwom sɛ na nnɛyi sohyialistfo ne komunisfo afoforo ahorow ahorow fi Vladimir de Lenin (komunistni) kosi Józef Piłsudski (sohyialistni), na wɔwɔ tema kɛse ma ɔman no ankasa gyinaesi.[238]

Wɔ n’asɛmti a ɔkyerɛwee a ɛyɛ nwonwa a ɛfa asɛmti no ho mu no, George Orwell kyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda ɔmampɛ ne ɔman ho dɔ a ɔkyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ ahofama a wɔde ma beae pɔtee bi ntam. Nea ɛyɛ adwenem naayɛ kɛse no, ɔmampɛ yɛ "tumi-kɔm a ɛnam ankasa nnaadaa so brɛ ase".[239] Wɔ Orwell fam no, ɛda adi sɛ nkate bɔne a ntease nnim na edi ɔmampɛfo so:

Ɔmampɛfo yɛ obi a osusuw akansi mu anuonyam nkutoo ho, anaasɛ titiriw. Ebia ɔyɛ ɔmampɛfo a ɔwɔ adwempa anaasɛ ɔnyɛ papa —kyerɛ sɛ, obetumi de n’adwene mu ahoɔden adi dwuma wɔ nkɔso anaasɛ animguase mu —nanso sɛnea ɛte biara no, n’adwene dan kɔ nkonimdi, nkogudi, nkonimdi ne animguase so bere nyinaa. Ohu abakɔsɛm, titiriw nnɛyi abakɔsɛm, bere a tumi akɛse akuw a ɛkɔ soro ne nea ɛkɔ fam a enni awiei ne adeyɛ biara a ɛba no te sɛ nea ɛkyerɛ sɛ n’ankasa afa wɔ nkɔso mu na akansifo bi a wɔtan no wɔ fam. Nanso awiei koraa no, ɛho hia sɛ yɛmfa ɔmampɛ ne nkonimdi som ara kwa. Ɔmampɛfo no nkɔ nnyinasosɛm a ɛne sɛ ɔne ɔfa a emu yɛ den sen biara no bɛbom ayɛ kuw kɛkɛ no so. Nea ɛne no bɔ abira no, esiane sɛ wapaw n’afa nti, ɔtwetwe ne ho sɛ ɛno ne nea emu yɛ den sen biara na otumi bata ne gyidi ho bere mpo a nokwasɛm ahorow no tia no kɛse no.[239]

Wɔ ahofadi amammui atetesɛm mu no, na adwene a ɛnteɛ a wɔwɔ wɔ ɔmampɛ sɛ tumi a asiane wom ne nea ɛde ntawntawdi ne ɔko ba aman-aman ntam no ho kɛse. Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Lord Acton de asɛm no too hɔ sɛ "ɔmampɛ sɛ agyimisɛm" wɔ 1862. Ɔkyerɛe sɛ ɔmampɛ siw nnipa kakraa bi ano, ɛde ɔman to abrabɔ pa nnyinasosɛm so na ɛma ankorankoro bata ɔman no ho a asiane wom. Ɔsɔre tiaa demokrase na ɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛbɔ pope no ho ban afi Italiafo ɔmampɛ ho.[240] Efi afeha a ɛto so 20 awiei no, ahofadifo mu apaapae kɛse, na nyansapɛfo binom te sɛ Michael Walzer, Isaiah Berlin, Charles Taylor ne David Miller sii so dua sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɔmanfo a wɔpɛ ahofadi gyina ɔman man a ɛyɛ den so.

Ɔmampɛ ho ɔkasatia a ɛyɛ asomdwoe no nso twe adwene si ɔmampɛ akuw bi basabasayɛ, asraafo a wɔde wɔn ho bata ho, ne aman ntam ntawntawdi a jingoism anaa chauvinism kanyan wɔn no so. Ɔman agyiraehyɛde ne ɔman ho dɔ a wɔka no denneennen no yɛ nea wɔsɛe no wɔ aman bi mu esiane abusuabɔ a ɛda wɔne akodi ahorow a atwam ntam wɔ abakɔsɛm mu nti, titiriw wɔ Germany. Britania asomdwoe ho ɔbenfo Bertrand Russell kasa tiaa ɔmampɛ sɛ ɛtew tumi a onipa no wɔ sɛ obebu n’agya man amannɔne amammuisɛm atɛn.[242][243] Albert Einstein kaa sɛ "Ɔmampɛ yɛ nkokoaa yareɛ. Ɛyɛ adesamma akisikuru".[244] Jiddu Krishnamurti kaa sɛ "Ɔmampɛ yɛ mmusuakuw mu nyiyim a wɔhyɛ no anuonyam ara kwa".[245]

Nnipa a wɔsakra nnipa nso ada wɔn sɔretia a wɔde tia ɔmampɛ adi, akodu baabi a wɔn a wɔsakra nnipa binom gye di sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsɛe ɔman nipasu koraa. FM-2030 a ɔyɛ nnipa a ɔsakra nnipa a ɔwɔ nkɛntɛnso no powee sɛ ɔde ne ho bɛto ɔman biara mu, na ɔkaa ne ho asɛm sɛ ‘amansan nyinaa de’.[246] Bio nso, wɔ The Transhumanist Handbook mu no, Kate Levchuk kae sɛ obi a ɔsakra nnipa "nnye ɔman nni".[247]

Hwɛ nso

• Chauvinism
• Gellner's theory of nationalism
• Jingoism
• List of figures in nationalism
• List of historical separatist movements
• List of nationalist organizations
• List of active nationalist parties in Europe
• Lists of active separatist movements
• National memory
• National myth
• Nationalism and archaeology
• Nationalisms Across the Globe
• Nationalism in the Middle Ages
• Nationalism studies, an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of nationalism
• Nationalist historiography
• Nationalization of history
• Nativism
• Patriotism
• Notes on Nationalism, an essay by George Orwell on types of nationalism in the late World War Two world
• Sadaejuui
• Zionism
• Xenophobia

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v t e Conformity v t e Nationalism v t e List of political ideologies Authority control Categories: Nationalism Political id

Categories: Nationalism Political ideologies