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Marijuana

Marijuana

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Marijuana
MekanismoPagiging adiktiboPaggamit medikalEpekto sa kanserMga sanggunian

Ang marijuana o sa Ingles ay cannabis at kilala bilang chongke ay isang preparasyon ng halamang cannabis na ginagamit bilang sikoaktibo at gamot o medisina. Ang pangunahing sikoaktibong sangkap na kompuwesto nito ang tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) na isa sa 483 alam na kompuwesto ng halamang ito.[3] May iba pang mga 84 cannabinoid dito gaya ng cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV)[4][5] at cannabigerol (CBG).

Agarang impormasyon Pinagmulang halaman, Bahagi ng halaman ...
Marijuana
Thumb
Namumulaklak na halamang Cannabis
Pinagmulang halamanCannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, Cannabis ruderalis
Bahagi ng halamanbulaklak
Pinagmulang heograpikoSentral Asya at Timog Asya.[1]
Mga aktibong sangkapTetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabidiol, Cannabinol, Tetrahydrocannabivarin
Pangunahing prodyuserAfghanistan, Burma, Canada, China, Colombia, India, Jamaica, Laos, Mexico, Netherlands, Pakistan, Paraguay,[2] Thailand, Turkey, United States
Pangunahing konsyumerBuong mundo
Isara

Ang marijuana o chongke ay kadalasang kinokonsumo dahil sa mga epektong sikoaktibo at pisiolohikal nito na kinabibilangan ng tumaas na mood o pakiramdam o euphoria, relaksasyon [6] at tumaas na gana [7]

Ang marijuana o chongke ay ginagamit bilang drogang panlibangan o gamot gayundin bilang bahagi ng mga ritong pang-relihiyon. Ang pinakamaagang paggamit nito ay mula ika-3 milenyo BCE.[8] Simula ika-20 siglo, ang pagmamay-ari ng marijuana ay ipinagbabawal o ilegal sa maraming mga bansa sa buong daigdig.[9][10] Noong 2004, ang paggamit ng marijuana o chongke sa buong mundo ay tinatayang 4% ng populasyon ng mundo o mga 162 milyong katao at ang tinatayang 0.6% (22.5 milyong katao) ay gumagamit nito sa araw-araw.[11]

Ang mekanismo ng marijuana o chongke sa tao ay naunawaan lamang bago matapos ang ika-20 siglo. Ang THC ng marijuana ay umaasal sa dalawang uri ng mga cannabinoid receptor sa tao na CB1 receptor at CB2 receptor na parehong G-Protein coupled receptor. Ang CB1 receptor ay matatagpuan sa utak at sa ilang mga peripheral tissue at ang CB2 receptor ay matatagpuan sa mga peripheral tissue gayundin sa mga selulang neuroglial. Ang mga cannabinoid receptor ay pinapagana ng mga cannabinoid na maaaring nalilikha mula sa loob ng katawan ng tao (endocannabinoid) o ipinakilala sa katawan ng tao gaya ng pagkonsumo ng marijuana o ibang mga sintetiko nito.


Ayon kay Dr. Jack E. Henningfield ng National Institute on Drug Abuse (2010), sa mga nirangguhang anim na sustansiya sa kanilang pagiging adiktibo (marijuana, kapeina, cocaine, alak, heroin at nicotine), ang marijuana o chongke ang pinaka-hindi adiktibo, ang kapeina ang ikalawang pinaka-hindi adiktibo at ang nicotine ang pinaka-adiktibo.[12]

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Medikal na marijuana

Ang marijuana o chongke ay ginawang legal sa 18 estado ng Estados Unidos at Distrito ng Columbia para sa gamit-medikal. Kabilang sa medikal na paggamit ng marijuana o chongke ang pagpapaginhawa ng pagkahilo at pagsusuka, stimulasyon ng gutom sa kemoterapiya at mga pasyenteng may AIDS, pagbaba ng presyon sa matang intraokular at sa pangkalahatang pagpapaginhawa ng mga kirot sa katawan. Ang kompuwesto ng marijuana ay epektibo rin para gamutin ang schizophrenia ayon sa mga siyentipiko.

Ang marijuanang o chongke pang medikal ay natagpuang nagpaginhawa ng mga ilang sintomas ng multiple sclerosis[13] at spinal cord injuries[14][15][16][17][18]

Ang ibang mga pag-aaral ay nagsasaad na ang marijuana o mga cannabinoid o chongke ay magagamit sa paggamot ng pag-abuso ng alak,[19] amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,[20][21] collagen-induced arthritis,[22] asthma,[23] atherosclerosis,[24] bipolar disorder,[25][26] colorectal cancer,[27] HIV-Associated Sensory Neuropathy,[28] depression,[29][30][31][32] dystonia,[33] epilepsy,[34][35][36] digestive diseases,[37] gliomas,[38][39] hepatitis C,[40] Huntington's disease,[41][42] leukemia,[43] skin tumors,[44] methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),[45] Parkinson's disease,[46] pruritus,[47][48] posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),[49] psoriasis,[50] sickle-cell disease,[51] sleep apnea,[52] at anorexia nervosa.[53]

Epekto sa kanser

Natagpuan ng isang pag-aaral ng Universidad Complutense de Madrid na ang mga kemikal sa marijuana o chongke ay nagsanhi ng kamatayan ng mga selulang kanser ng utak ng tao. Sa mga selulang kanser ng utak ng tao na nilagay sa mga daga na ginamot ng kemikal ng marijuana o chongke, ang tumor ay lumiit. Natagpuan ng pag-aaral nila na ang THC ay nag-alis ng mga selulang kanser nang walang masamang epekto sa mga malulusog na selula.[54]

Ayon sa pag-aaral ng California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute noong 2007 at 2010, ang cannabidiol ay nagpahinto sa kanser sa suso na kumalat na sa buong katawan sa pamamagitan ng downregulation ng isang gene na tinatawag na ID1.[55]

[56]

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