Wakalvini

Wakalvini ni Wakristo Waprotestanti wanaofuata kimsingi mafundisho yaliyotolewa awali na Uldrik Zwingli na hasa John Calvin katika karne ya 16.

Ukuta wa Matengenezo mjini Geneva, Uswisi, unawaonyesha wanne kati ya Wakalvini wa kwanza; kutoka kushoto kwenda kulia ni: William Farel, John Calvin, Theodore Beza, na John Knox.

Tofauti na Luther, Zwingli na Calvin walijaribu moja kwa moja kujenga kanisa jipya kwenye msingi wa Biblia.

Hawakupenda kuchukua urithi wowote wa Kanisa Katoliki, wakaunda kila kitu upya kufuatana na jinsi walivyoelewa Biblia.

Katika utawala walikataa cheo cha uaskofu wakaona kanisa liongozwe na wazee wa kuchaguliwa. Kutokana na neno wazee katika lugha ya Agano Jipya (Kigiriki) "presbyuteroi", kanisa lake linaitwa pia la "Wapresbiteri".

Wafuasi wao huitwa pia "Wareformati" (to reform = kutengeneza upya). Maana yake walikataa desturi zote wasizoziona katika Biblia, wakati Luther alizikubali zile alizoziona hazipingi Biblia.

Katika ibada zao, Wareformati wanakataa altari, picha za kupamba kanisa au kuimba liturujia, wakati ibada ya Kilutheri ni Misa ya Kikatoliki iliyobadilishwa kufuatana na mawazo ya Luther. Katika jambo hilo hawakupatana na ndiyo sababu kwa muda mrefu Walutheri na Wareformati walishindwa kuwa na ibada za pamoja, lakini siku hizi wanaelewana.

Mafundisho hayo kutoka Uswisi yalienea katika nchi kama Ufaransa, Uskoti na Uholanzi. Hata Wamoravia walichukua sehemu ya mafundisho ya Wareformati, hasa juu ya Chakula cha Bwana, wakimfuata Luther katika mambo mengine.

Afrika Kusini urithi wa kidini wa Makaburu ni wa Kireformati kwa sababu babu zao walitokea Uholanzi na Ufaransa.

Vilevile ni wamisionari kutoka Uswisi na Uskoti walioanzisha mapema makanisa ya Kipresbiteri Malawi, Kenya na Afrika Magharibi.

Kadiri ya asili, madhehebu yao yanaitwa kwa Kiingereza Reformed, Congregationalists au Presbyterians.

Leo yana jumla ya waamini zaidi ya milioni 80, wengi wao wakiwa wameunganika katika "World Communion of Reformed Churches".

Tanbihi

Marejeo

• Allen, R. Michael (2010). Reformed Theology. Doing Theology. New York: T&T Clark. ISBN 978-0567034304. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bagchi, David V. N.; Steinmetz, David Curtis, whr. (2004), The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-77662-7
• Cottret, Bernard (2000) [1995], Calvin: Biographie (kwa French), Translated by M. Wallace McDonald, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans, ISBN 0-8028-3159-1 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• DeVries, Dawn (2003). "Rethinking the Scripture Principle". Katika Alston, Wallace M. Jr.; Welker, Michael (whr.). Reformed Theology: Identity and Ecumenicity. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0802847768. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Furcha, E. J., mhr. (1985), Huldrych Zwingli, 1484–1531: A Legacy of Radical Reform: Papers from the 1984 International Zwingli Symposium McGill University, Montreal: Faculty of Religious Studies, McGill University, ISBN 0-7717-0124-1.
• Holder, R. Ward (2004), "Calvin's heritage", katika McKim, Donald K. (mhr.), The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-01672-8
• Gäbler, Ulrich (1986), Huldrych Zwingli: His Life and Work, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, ISBN 0-8006-0761-9
• Ganoczy, Alexandre (2004), "Calvin's life", katika McKim, Donald K. (mhr.), The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-01672-8
• McGrath, Alister E. (1990), A Life of John Calvin, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-16398-0.
• Muller, Richard A. (2004). "John Calvin and later Calvinism". Katika Bagchi, David; Steinmetz, David C (whr.). The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521776622. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Parker, T. H. L. (2006), John Calvin: A Biography, Oxford: Lion Hudson plc, ISBN 978-0-7459-5228-4.
• Stephens, W. P. (1986), The Theology of Huldrych Zwingli, Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-826677-4.
•  Westminster Confession of Faith. Wikisource. 1646.

Marejeo mengine

• Alston, Wallace M. Jr.; Welker, Michael, whr. (2003). Reformed Theology: Identity and Ecumenicity. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0802847768.
• Benedict, Philip (2002). Christ's Churches Purely Reformed: A Social History of Calvinism. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300105070.
• Balserak, Jon (2014). John Calvin as Sixteenth-Century Prophet. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198-703259
• Bratt, James D. (1984) Dutch Calvinism in Modern America: A History of a Conservative Subculture excerpt and text search
• Hart, D.G. (2013). Calvinism: A History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, excerpt and text search
• McNeill, John Thomas (1954). The History and Character of Calvinism. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195007435.
• Leith, John H. (1980). An Introduction to the Reformed Tradition: A Way of Being the Christian Community. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0804204798.
• Muller, Richard A. (2001). The Unaccommodated Calvin: Studies in the Foundation of a Theological Tradition. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0195151688.
• ———————— (2003). After Calvin: Studies in the Development of a Theological Tradition. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0195157017.
• Picken, Stuart D.B. (2011) Historical Dictionary of Calvinism (2011) excerpt
• Small, Joseph D., mhr. (2005). Conversations with the Confessions: Dialogue in the Reformed Tradition. Geneva Press. ISBN 978-0664502485.

Viungo vya nje

• "Five Points of Calvinism" Archived 4 Januari 2019 at the Wayback Machine. by Robert Lewis Dabney.

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