Društvene nauke

Društvene nauke proučavaju razne aspekte socijalnog života društva ili pojedinca, primenom naučnih metodologija. Društvene nauke obuhvataju antropologiju, komunikologiju, ekonomiju, antropogeografiju, istoriju, politikologiju, psihologiju i sociologiju.^[1][2][3]

Istorija društvenih nauka

Glavni članak: Istorija društvenih nauka

Reč „nauka” starija je od svoje moderne upotrebe. Uticajem pozitivizma reč je postala skraćenica za „prirodne nauke”. Društvo je tek nedavnim razvitkom postalo objekt organizovanog korpusa znanja koje se može standardizovati i o njemu objektivno promišljati,^[4] sledeći vlastita pravila i metodologiju.

Antička Grčka

Glavni članak: Antička Grčka

U antičkoj filozofiji nije postojala razlika između matematike i proučavanja istorije, poezije ili politike. Tek se razvojem matematičkog dokaza postupno isticala percipirana razlika između „naučnih” i drugih disciplina. Aristotel je stoga proučavao planetarno kretanje i poeziju istim metodama, a Platon je kombinovao geometrijske dokaze s vlastitom demonstracijom stanja intrinzičnog znanja.

Islamska civilizacija

Glavni članci: Islamska sociologija i Rana islamska sociologija

Glavni članci: Islamska ekonomija u svetu, Islamska psihologija i Istoriografija ranog islama

Značajne doprinose društvenim naukama ostvarili su muslimanski naučnici u islamskoj civilizaciji. Al-Biruni (973 - 1048) nazivan je „prvim antropologom”. On je napisao detaljne komparativne studije o antropologiji naroda, religija i kultura na Bliskom istoku, Mediteranu i u južnoj Aziji. Al-Birunijeva antropologija religije bila je jedina moguća stvar za naučnika duboko uronjenog u nauke drugih naroda. Nekoliko je naučnika takođe hvalilo Birunija zbog njegove islamske antropologije.

Ibn Haldun (1332 - 1406) smatran je ocem demografije, istoriografije, filozofije istorije, sociologije i društvenih nauka, te označen pionirom moderne ekonomije. Najpoznatiji je po svom delu Mukadimah (grčki Prolegomenon).

Evropska misao

Glavni članak: Prosvetiteljstvo

Nakon pada Rima, koji je učinio malo po pitanju nauke, teoretisanje je prešlo u ruke sveštenstva i grupe učenjaka poznatih kao skolastici. Istaknuti mislioci srednjeg veka poput Abelarа, Erijugene, Сv. Anselma i Ivana od Sоlsberija napisali su nekoliko komentara o ekonomskoj analizi. Toma Akvinski je u 13. veku izrazio zanimanje za političku sociologiju, te je pisao o ekonomiji. Neposredno pred renesansu oko 14. veka Buridanus i Oresmius pisali su o novcu. U 15. veku Sv. Antonin Firentinski pisao je o opštem ekonomskom procesu. U 16. veku Leonard de Lejs (Lesius), Huan de Lego, a posebno Luj Molina pisali su o ekonomskim temama. Ovi pisci fokusirali su se na objašnjavanje vlasništva kao nečega za „javno dobro”.

Reprezentativne figure 17. veka bili su Dejvid Hartli, Hugo Grotius, Tiomas Hobs, Džon Lok, te Samuel fon Putendorf. Tomas Hobs je raspravljao kako deduktivno zaključivanje iz aksioma stvara naučni okvir, te je stoga njegov Levijatan bio naučni opis političkog komonvelta. U osamnaestom veku društvene nauke su se nazivale moralnom filozofijom nasuprot prirodnoj filozofiji i matematici, a uključivale su prirodnu teologiju, prirodnu etiku, prirodnu jurisprudenciju te politiku koja je uključivala ekonomiju i financije („dohodak”). Čista filozofija, logika, književnost i istorija bili su izvan te dve kategorije. Adam Smit bio je profesor moralne filozofije, te učenik Fransisa Hačisona. Ličnosti tog vremena bili su Fransoa Kene, Ruso, Đanbatista Viko, Vilijam Godvin, Gabriel Bonet de Mabli, te Andre Morelet. Francuska enciklopedija koja je nastala u to vreme sadržavala je različita dela o društvenim naukama.

Reference

1. Giddens, Anthony, Duneier, Mitchell, Applebaum, Richard. 2007. Introduction to Sociology. Sixth Edition. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. Chapter 1.
2. Kuper, A., and Kuper, J. (1985). The Social Science Encyclopaedia.
3. Peck, H.T., Peabody, S.H., and Richardson, C.F. (1897). The International Cyclopedia, A Compendium of Human Knowledge. Rev. with large additions. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.
4. Kuper, Adam (1996). The Social Science Encyclopedia (на језику: енглески). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-10829-4.

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