1852 (MDCCCLII) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1852nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 852nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 52nd year of the 19th century, and the 3rd year of the 1850s decade. As of the start of 1852, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 18th century – 19th century – 20th century |
| Decades: | 1820s 1830s 1840s – 1850s – 1860s 1870s 1880s |
| Years: | 1849 1850 1851 – 1852 – 1853 1854 1855 |
| Gregorian calendar | 1852 MDCCCLII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2605 |
| Armenian calendar | 1301 ԹՎ ՌՅԱ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6602 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 8–9 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1773–1774 |
| Bengali calendar | 1259 |
| Berber calendar | 2802 |
| British Regnal year | 15 Vict. 1 – 16 Vict. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2396 |
| Burmese calendar | 1214 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7360–7361 |
| Chinese calendar | 辛亥年 (Metal Pig) 4548 or 4488 — to — 壬子年 (Water Rat) 4549 or 4489 |
| Coptic calendar | 1568–1569 |
| Discordian calendar | 3018 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1844–1845 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5612–5613 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1908–1909 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1773–1774 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4952–4953 |
| Holocene calendar | 11852 |
| Igbo calendar | 852–853 |
| Iranian calendar | 1230–1231 |
| Islamic calendar | 1268–1269 |
| Japanese calendar | Kaei 5 (嘉永５年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1780–1781 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 12 days |
| Korean calendar | 4185 |
| Minguo calendar | 60 before ROC 民前60年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 384 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2394–2395 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴金猪年 (female Iron-Pig) 1978 or 1597 or 825 — to — 阳水鼠年 (male Water-Rat) 1979 or 1598 or 826 |
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January–March
- January 14 – President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte makes a new constitution for the French Second Republic.
- January 15 – Nine men from various Hebrew charitable organizations come together to form what will become the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City.
- January 17 – The United Kingdom recognizes the independence of the Transvaal.
- February 3 – Battle of Caseros or Battle of Monte Caseros, Argentina
- February 11 – The first British public toilet for women opens in Bedford Street, London.
- February 15 – The Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, admits its first patient.
- February 16 – The Studebaker Brothers Wagon Company is started.
- February 19 – The Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity is founded at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania.
- February 25 – The HMS Birkenhead sinks near Cape Town, South Africa. Only 193 of the 643 on board survive.
- March 1 – Archibald William Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton is made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
- March 2 – The first American steam fire engine was tested.[1]
- March 4 – Phi Mu Sorority is founded in Macon Georgia
- March 20 – Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe is published.
April–June
- April 1 – The Second Burmese War begins.
- April 18 – Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces begin the siege of Guilin.
- May 19 – Taiping Rebellion: The siege of Guilin is lifted.
- June 12 – Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces enter Hunan.
July–September
- July 1 – United States statesman Henry Clay is the first to have the honor of lying in state in the United States Capitol rotunda.
- July 4 – Frederick Douglass delivers his famous speech "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro" in Rochester, New York.
- July 28 – Henry Clay steamboat disaster in Riverdale, Bronx, with several deaths including Stephen Allen.
- August 3 – The first Boat Race between Yale and Harvard, the first American intercollegiate athletic event, is held.
- September 24 – French engineer Henri Giffard makes the first airship trip from Paris to Trappes.
October–December
- November 2 – U.S. presidential election, 1852: Democrat Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire defeats Whig Winfield Scott of Virginia.
- November 4 – Count Cavour becomes the Piedmontese prime minister.
- November 11 – The new Palace of Westminster opens in Britain.
- November 21–November 22 – The New French Empire is confirmed
- December 2 – Napoleon III becomes Emperor of the French.
- December 23 – Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army takes Hanyang and begins the siege of Wuchang.
- December 29 – Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army takes Hankou.
Date unknown
- Justin Perkins, an American Presbyterian missionary, makes the first translation of the Bible in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic.
- The Devil's Island penal colony opens.
- In Hawaii sugar planters bring over the first Chinese laborers on 3 or 5 year contracts.
- Queen Victoria embarks on a worldwide tour of the British Empire.
- Loyola College is chartered in Baltimore, Maryland.
- Germans are encouraged to move to Chile
- Antioch College is started. Its first president is Horace Mann.
- Mills College is started.
- Leo Tolstoy's first novel, Childhood, is published in book form.
January–June
- January 8 – James Milton Carroll, Baptist pastor, leader, historian, and writer (d. 1931)
- January 11 – Konstantin Fehrenbach, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1926)
- February 16 – Charles Taze Russell (Pastor Russell), prominent Protestant reformer and evangelist (d. 1916)
- March 1 – Théophile Delcassé, French statesman (d. 1923)
- April 1 – Edwin Austin Abbey, American painter (d. 1911)
- April 13 – F.W. Woolworth, American merchant and businessman (d. 1919)
- April 22 – Guillaume IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (d. 1912)
- May 1 – Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish histologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1934)
- May 4 – Alice Pleasance Liddell, inspiration for the children's classic Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (d. 1934)
- May 31 – Julius Richard Petri, German scientist (d. 1921)
- June 25 – Antoni Gaudi, Spanish modernist architect (d. 1926)
July–December
- July 12 – Hipólito Yrigoyen, President of Argentina (d. 1933)
- August 23 – Clímaco Calderón, President of Colombia (d. 1913)
- August 30 – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1911)
- September 10 – Hans Niels Andersen, Danish businessman, founder of the East Asiatic Company (d. 1937)
- September 12 – Herbert Henry Asquith, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1928)
- September 15 – Edward Bouchet, American physicist (d. 1918)
- September 28
- John French, 1st Earl of Ypres, British general, commander of the British Expeditionary Force in World War I (d. 1925)
- Henri Moissan, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1907)
- September 30 – Charles Villiers Stanford, Irish composer, resident in England (d. 1924)
- October 2 – William Ramsay, Scottish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1916)
- October 9 – Hermann Emil Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1919)
- November 1 – Eugene W. Chafin, American politician (d. 1920)
- November 3 – Prince Mutsuhito of Japan, the future Emperor Meiji (d. 1912)
- November 11 – Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, Austro-Hungarian field marshal (d. 1925)
- November 22 – Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, French diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1924)
- November 26 – Yamamoto Gonnohyōe, the 16th and 22nd Prime Minister of Japan, an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy
- December 15 – Henri Becquerel, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1908)
- December 19 – Albert Abraham Michelson, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1931)
- December 21 – George Callaghan, British admiral (d. 1920)
January–June
- January 1 – John George Children, British chemist, mineralogist and zoologist (b. 1777)
- January 6 – Louis Braille, French teacher of the blind and inventor of braille (b. 1809)
- May 3 – Sara Coleridge, English writer and translator (b. 1802)
- March 4 – Nikolai Gogol, Russian writer (b. 1809)
- April 17 – Étienne Maurice Gérard, Marshal of France and Prime Minister of France (b. 1773)
- June 7 – José Joaquín Estudillo, second alcalde of Yerba Buena (b. 1800)
- June 29 – Henry Clay, American statesman (b. 1777)
July–December
- July 20 – José Antonio Estudillo, early California settler (b. 1805)
- July 22 – Auguste Marmont, French marshal (b. 1774)
- September 4 – William MacGillivray, Scottish naturalist and ornithologist (b. 1796)
- September 14
- Augustus Pugin, English architect (b. 1812)
- Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, British general and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1769)
- September 20 – Philander Chase, American founder of Kenyon College (b. 1775)
- October 13 – John Lloyd Stephens, American traveler, diplomat and Mayanist archaeologist (b. 1805)
- October 24 – Daniel Webster, American statesman (b. 1782)
- October 25 – John C. Clark, American politician (b. 1793)
- October 26 – Vincenzo Gioberti, Italian philosopher (b. 1801)
- November 2 – Pyotr Kotlyarevsky, Russian military hero (b. 1782)
- November 27 – Augusta Ada King (née Byron), Countess of Lovelace, early English computer pioneer (b. 1815)
- November 29 – Nicolae Bălcescu, Wallachian revolutionary (b. 1819)
- November 30 – Junius Brutus Booth, English-born actor (b. 1796)
- December 16 – Andries Hendrik Potgieter, Voortrekker leader (b. 1792)
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