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A monarch is the head of a monarchy, a form of government in which a state is ruled by an individual who normally rules for life or until abdication, and typically inherits the throne by birth.[1] Monarchs may be autocrats (as in all absolute monarchies)[2] or may be ceremonial figureheads, exercising only limited or no reserve powers at all, with actual authority vested in a legislature and/or executive cabinet (as in many constitutional monarchies).[3] In many cases, a monarch will also be linked with a state religion.[4] Most states only have a single monarch at any given time, although a regent may rule when the monarch is a minor, not present, or otherwise incapable of ruling.[5] Cases in which two monarchs rule simultaneously over a single state, as is the current situation in Andorra, are known as coregencies.[6]
Title | Monarch | Foundation of monarchy |
Since | Length | Ref | Flag | Age of monarchy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Co-Prince | Joan Enric Vives i Sicília | 1278 | 2003 | 19 years, 268 days | [7][8] | Andorra | 814-815 Years |
Emmanuel Macron | 2017 | 5 years, 266 days | |||||
King | Charles III | 1707 | 2022 | 149 days | [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] | Antigua and Barbuda
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and more |
315 Years |
King | Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa | 1783 | 1999 | 23 years, 335 days | [24] | Bahrain | 319 Years |
King | Philippe | 1831 | 2013 | 9 years, 198 days | [25][26] | Belgium | 221 Years |
Druk Gyalpo | Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck | 1907 | 2006 | 16 years, 51 days | [27] | Bhutan | 115 Years |
Sultan | Hassanal Bolkiah | 1363 | 1967 | 55 years, 122 days | [28] | Brunei | 719 Years |
King | Norodom Sihamoni | 68 CE | 2004 | 18 years, 113 days | [29][30] | Cambodia | 1955 Years |
Queen | Margrethe II | 710 | 1972 | 51 years, 21 days | [31] | Denmark | 1313 Years |
King | Mswati III | 1750s | 1986 | 36 years, 285 days | [32][33][34] | Eswatini | 222-223 Years |
Emperor | Naruhito | 11 February 660 BC (mythical), 2681 years ago. historical origin is disputed. was Emperor Jimmu | 2019 | 3 years, 279 days | [source?].[35][36][37][38] | Japan | 2681 Years (Disputed) |
King | Abdullah II | 1946 | 1999 | 23 years, 362 days | [39][40] | Jordan | 76 Years |
Emir | Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah | 1752 | 2020 | 2 years, 128 days | [41][42] | Kuwait | |
King | Letsie III | 1822 | 1996 | 26 years, 362 days | [45][46] | Lesotho | |
Prince | Hans-Adam II | 1608 | 1989 | 33 years, 83 days | [fn 1][47] | Liechtenstein | |
Grand Duke | Henri | 1815 | 2000 | 22 years, 120 days | [49] | Luxembourg | |
Yang di-Pertuan Agong | Abdullah | 1957 | 2019 | 4 years, 4 days | [50][51] | Malaysia | |
Prince | Albert II | 1604 | 2005 | 17 years, 304 days | [52][53] | Monaco | |
King | Mohammed VI | 788 or 1666 | 1999 | 23 years, 198 days | [54][fn 2] | Morocco | |
Willem-Alexander | 1815 | 2013 | 9 years, 282 days | [56] | Netherlands | ||
Harald V | 872 | 1991 | 32 years, 20 days | [57][fn 3] | Norway | ||
Sultan | Haitham bin Tariq | 751 | 2020 | 3 years, 26 days | [58] | Oman | 1272 Years |
Emir | Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani | 1851 | 2013 | 9 years, 226 days | [59] | Qatar | |
King | Salman | 1832 | 2015 | 8 years, 14 days | [fn 4] [61] | Saudi Arabia | |
Felipe VI | 1474 or 1475 Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon | 2014 | 8 years, 232 days | [62][fn 5] | Spain | ||
Carl XVI Gustaf | 970 | 1973 | 49 years, 144 days | [64][fn 6] | Sweden | 1053 Years | |
Vajiralongkorn | 1238 | 2016 | 6 years, 116 days | [66] | Thailand | ||
Tupou VI | 1845 | 2012 | 10 years, 325 days | [67][68] | Tonga | 177 Years | |
President | Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan | 1971 | 2022 | 268 days | [69][70] | United Arab Emirates | 51 Years |
Pope | Pope Francis | 1 AD | 13 March 2013 | 9 years, 328 days | [71] | Vatican City | 2021 Years |
Name | Formation | First monarch | Abolition | Flag | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
France | 500s | Charles the Bald France Clovis I Francia | 1870 | France | [72][73][74] |
Saxony | 500s | Hadugato Rudolph I Electorate of Saxony | 1918 | Saxony | [75] |
Germany | 843 | Louis II the German | Germany | [76][77] | |
Mecklenburg | ? or 1167 | ? and Pribislaus I | Mecklenburg | [78] | |
England | 800s | Alfred the Great | 1707 now UK | England | [79] |
Georgia | 302 BC | Pharnavaz I | 1801 | Georgia | [80][81] |
No. | Title | Image | Monarch | Foundation of monarchy |
Length | Ref | Flag |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | King | Louis XIV | 500s | 72 years, 110 days | [82] | France | |
2 | Queen | Elizabeth II | 1707 | 70 years, 214 days | [83][84][85] | United Kingdom | |
3 | King | Rama IX | 1238 | 70 years, 126 days | [86] | Thailand | |
4 | Prince | Johann II | 1608 | 70 years, 91 days | [87] | Liechtenstein | |
5 | ? | Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I | ? | 68 years, 33 days | [88][89] | Palenque (Mexico) | |
6 | Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary | Franz Joseph I | 1000 or 1270s | 67 years, 355 days | [90] | Austrian Empire Austria-Hungary | |
7 | ? | Chan Imix Kʼawiil | ? | 67 years, 130 days | [91][92] | Copán (Honduras) | |
8 | King | Ferdinand III | 1800s | 65 years, 90 days | [93] | Sicily |
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