Socijaldemokratija

Socijaldemokratija je politička filozofija koja je nastala u drugoj polovini 19. vijeka kao jedna od političkih teorija u pokretu socijalne pravde i ljevice.^[4][5][6] Danas se socijaldemokratija obično smiješta na lijevi centar političkog spektra.^{[7][8][9][10]}

Crvena zastava, simbol pokreta socijalne pravde i socijaldemokratije

Crvena ruža, jedan od simbola pokreta socijalne pravde, koji predstavlja simbol demokratije i antiautoritarizma u načinu djelovanja protiv društvenih nepravdi^[1][2][3]

Izvorna socijaldemokratija je razvijala antikapitalistički program.^{[11][12][13][14]} Ali, vremenom se okrenula političkom pragmatizmu.^[15][16] Pragmatična socijaldemokratija se fokusira samo na minimalni program, kojim u okviru institucija predstavničke, parlamentarne demokratije i tržišne kapitalističke ekonomije nastoji sprovesti djelimičnu promjenu utemeljenu na ekonomskoj ulozi javnog sektora, javnim propisima, programima, investicijama i servisima koji bi trebalo da rade na ublažavanju nepravdi koje nanosi neregulisani, liberalni model tržišne kapitalističke ekonomije.^{[17][18][19][20][21][22]} Praktična realizacija takve djelimične promjene u okviru institucija parlamentarne demokratije i tržišne kapitalističke ekonomije obično se naziva socijalno odgovornom državom ili državom blagostanja.^{[19][23][24][25][26]} Socijaldemokratija se smatra umjerenom strujom u savremenom ljevičarskom pokretu.^{[27][28][29][30]}

Karakteristike

Obilježja socijaldemokratije:^[22][31][32]

• ostvarenje, poštovanje, zaštita i unapređenje osnovnih ljudskih prava i sloboda, bez diskriminacije po bilo kom osnovu, kao što su: rasa, boja kože, društveno porijeklo, nacionalno porijeklo, etnička pripadnost, veza sa manjinskim narodom ili manjinskom zajednicom, jezik, vjeroispovijest ili uvjerenje, političko ili drugo mišljenje, članstvo u političkoj, sindikalnoj ili drugoj organizaciji, pol, rodni identitet, seksualna orijentacija, polne karakteristike, bračni ili porodični status, rođenje, starosna dob, društveni status, imovno stanje, genetičke karakteristike, zdravstveno stanje, invaliditet ili drugo lično svojstvo;
• ostvarenje i razvijanje demokratskih institucija, vladavine prava i socijalne odgovornosti;
• razvijanje prava i sloboda zapostavljenih i obespravljenih pojedinaca, društvenih skupina i slojeva;
• razvijanje prava ljudi na rad, sindikalno organizovanje, zdravstveno osiguranje, obrazovanje i socijalno osiguranje;
• održivi ekonomski razvoj, uz unapređenje ravnomjernog razvoja urbanih i ruralnih područja;
• afirmacija rodne ravnopravnosti;
• razvijanje pluralističkog i solidarnog društva koje unapređuje kvalitet života za radnice i radnike, ugrožene slojeve i cjelokupno društvo;
• ubrzanje društvenog i naučno-tehnološkog napretka;
• afirmacija načela svjetovnosti;
• unapređenje uravnoteženosti lokalnog i regionalnog razvoja;
• zaštita kulturnog i prirodnog nasljeđa, te životne sredine i životinja;
• promovisanje mirnog i diplomatskog načina rješavanja sporova i sukoba;
• korištenje demokratskih i nenasilnih parlamentarnih i izvanparlamentarnih oblika djelovanja i protivljenje svim nedemokratskim, autoritarnim i totalitarnim oblicima djelovanja.

Umjerena progresivna stranka u matičnom toku zemlje koja je zasnovana na parlamentarnoj demokratiji i tržišnoj kapitalističkoj ekonomiji, sa glasačkim tijelom kako u nižoj klasi tako i u srednjoj klasi, mogla bi biti opisana kao socijaldemokratska politička stranka lijevog centra.^[33][34] Dok bi stranka sa većim zahtjevima i ciljevima, koja ima glasačko tijelo među onim dijelom malobrojnije, ali svjesnije srednje i niže klase, fizičke i intelektualne, te sa istorijom podrške i učešća u emancipatorskim i progresivnim pokretima, mogla biti opisana kao politička stranka radikalnije, nove ljevice.^{[35][36][37][38]}

Socijaldemokratske stranke, kao i druge savremene ljevičarske stranke, obično ističu sljedeće vrijednosti:^[39]

• sloboda — ne samo ljudske slobode, nego i sloboda od diskriminacije, sloboda demokratske participacije i sloboda od zavisnosti, ekstremnog siromaštva, straha i zloupotrebe političke, ekonomske i druge moći i položaja;
• jednakost — ne samo pred zakonom, nego i jednake šanse i mogućnosti za sve ljude u raznim oblastima života, bez obzira na identitetske različitosti, uključujući i one osobe sa poteškoćama bilo koje vrste;
• solidarnost — pokazivanje razumijevanja i saosjećanja prema osobama koje su žrtve nekog oblika diskriminacije, nepravde, neravnopravnosti ili nezgodnog sticaja okolnosti, te lična spremnost zajedničkog djelovanja sa drugima na pronalaženju načina za umanjivanje i sprječavanje takvih pojava. Ovo načelo podrazumijeva i razvijanje institucionalnih oblika solidarnosti, te internacionalne solidarnosti.

Klement Atli, socijaldemokrata i premijer Velike Britanije (1945—1951)

Vili Brant, socijaldemokrata i kancelar Nemačke (1969—1974)

Ulof Palme, socijaldemokrata i premijer Švedske (1969—1976 i 1982—1986)

Helen Klark, socijaldemokratkinja i premijerka Novog Zelanda (1999—2008)

Socijaldemokratija se protivi svakom obliku autoritarizma i jednopartizma.^{[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]} Prema tome, socijaldemokratija se protivi konceptima jednopartijskog modela vlasti, koje su zastupale takozvane boljševičko-komunističke partije 20. vijeka.^{[48][49][50][51][52]}

Popis socijaldemokratskih stranaka

• Laburistička stranka (Velika Britanija)
• Laburistička stranka (Norveška)
• Laburistička stranka (Irska)
• Australijska laburistička stranka
• Socijaldemokratska stranka Njemačke
• Socijaldemokratska stranka Austrije
• Socijaldemokratska stranka Švicarske
• Socijaldemokratska stranka Finske
• Socijaldemokratska stranka Švedske
• Socijaldemokrati (Danska)
• Smjer — socijaldemokracija (Slovačka)
• Češka socijaldemokratska stranka
• Demokratska stranka (Srbija)
• Socijaldemokratski savez Makedonije
• Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske
• Socijaldemokrati (Slovenija)
• Socijaldemokratska partija Crne Gore
• Socijaldemokratska partija Bosne i Hercegovine
• Socijalistička stranka (Belgija)
• Panhelenski socijalistički pokret (Grčka)
• Španska socijalistička radnička stranka
• Socijalistička stranka (Francuska)
• Demokratska stranka (Italija)
• Socijalistička stranka (Portugal)
• Stranka europskih socijalista
• Laburistička stranka (Irska)
• Mađarska socijalistička stranka
• Bugarska socijalistička stranka
• Izraelska laburistička stranka
• Merec (Izrael)
• Socijaldemokratska stranka Litvanije
• Radnička stranka (Brazil)
• Laburistička stranka Novog Zelanda
• Nova demokratska stranka (Kanada)
• Socijaldemokratska savez (Island)
• Socijaldemokratska stranka (Estonija)
• Socijaldemokratska stranka „Harmonija“ (Letonija)
• Savez demokratske levice (Poljska)
• Republikanska narodna stranka (Turska)

Popis socijaldemokrata i socijaldemokratkinja

• Martti Ahtisaari^[53]
• Raúl Alfonsín
• Clement Attlee^[54]
• Pavel Axelrod
• Otto Bauer
• Eduard Bernstein^[55]
• Rubén Berríos^[56]
• Hermes Binner
• Léon Blum
• Rodrigo Borja Cevallos^[57]
• Willy Brandt^[58]
• Hjalmar Branting^[59]
• Leonel Brizola
• Ed Broadbent^[60]
• Walt Brown
• Gro Harlem Brundtland
• Fernando Henrique Cardoso^[61]
• Ingvar Carlsson^[62]
• Helen Clark^[63]
• Major James Coldwell^[64]
• Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
• Mário Covas
• Juan Dalmau Ramírez
• Fedor Dan
• Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
• Kemal Derviş^[65]
• Tommy Douglas^[60]
• Ruth Dreifuss^[66]
• Bülent Ecevit^[67]
• Tage Erlander^[68]
• Carlos Garaikoetxea
• Einar Gerhardsen
• Felipe Gonzalez
• Mikhail Gorbachev^[69]
• Per Albin Hansson^[70]
• Bob Hawke
• L. T. Hobhouse
• J. A. Hobson
• Toomas H. Ilves^[71]
• Erdal Inonu^[72]
• Jean Jaurès
• Paul Keating^[73]
• Friedrich Kellner^[74]
• Norman Kirk^[75]
• Wim Kok
• Etbin Kristan
• Dennis Kucinich
• Robert Kuttner^[76]
• Oskar Lafontaine^[77]
• Ricardo Lagos
• Mark Latham
• Jack Layton^[78]
• Julius Leber^[79]
• René Lévesque
• David Lewis^[60]
• Stephen Lewis
• Trygve Lie
• Wilhelm Liebknecht^[80]
• Anna Lindh
• Paavo Lipponen
• Ramsay Macdonald
• Nelson Mandela^[81]
• Julius Martov
• Walter Nash
• Obafemi Awolowo
• Olof Palme^[82]
• Andreas Papandreou^[83]
• Göran Persson^[84]
• Louis Pio
• Georgi Plekhanov^[85]
• Karl Polanyi
• Jože Pučnik
• Ivica Račan
• Ivo Josipović
• Poul Nyrup Rasmussen^[86]
• Ségolène Royal^[87]
• Kevin Rudd^[88]
• August Rei^[89]
• Manuel Rosales^[90]
• Alex Salmond
• Giuseppe Saragat^[91]
• Michael Joseph Savage^[92]
• Max Shachtman
• Lim Kit Siang
• Karpal Singh
• Thorvald Stauning^[93]
• Norman Thomas
• Gough Whitlam
• J. S. Woodsworth^[94]
• Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero^[95]
• Vera Zasulich
• Sanna Marin

Povezano

• Progresivizam
• Socijalizam
• Demokratski socijalizam
• Progresivna alijansa
• Socijalistička Internacionala

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• Jörg Michael Dostal (19 December 2016). "The Crisis of German Social Democracy Revisited". The Political Quarterly.
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Vanjske veze

Socijaldemokratija na Wikimedijinoj ostavi

• Socialdemocrat.org Arhivirano 2006-04-12 na Wayback Machine-u
• Radovi na temu budućnosti kanadske socijaldemokracije
• Socialdemocracia.org (na španjolskom)
• Canadian Encylopedia: Social democracy Arhivirano 2011-11-29 na Wayback Machine-u
• Socijaldemokracija u nedovršenoj globalnoj revoluciji (engleski)
• Kriza Socijaldemokracije od Rose Luxemburg (engleski)
• Novi Plamen - lijevi list koji iznosi i socijaldemokratske stavove