Mongol Empire
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The Mongol Empire (Mongolie: Монголын Эзэнт Гүрэн (help·info), Mongolyn Ezent Güren or Их Монгол улс, Ikh Mongol Uls) wis a massive empire durin the 13t an 14t centuries. It spanned frae Eastren Europe athort Asia, an is commonly referred tae as the lairgest contiguous empire in the history o the warld. It emerged frae the unification o Mongol an Turkic tribes in modern day Mongolie unner the leadership o Genghis Khan, who wis proclaimed ruler o aw Mongols in 1206. The Empire then grew rapidly through invasions in aw direction. At its greatest extent, the Mongol Empire stretched frae the Danube tae the Sea o Japan an frae northren Siberie tae Camboja, coverin ower 33,000,000 km2 (12,741,000 sq mi),[1] 22% o the Earth's total land area, an held sway ower a population o ower 100 million fowk. It is aften identified as the "Mongol Warld Empire" because it spanned 6,000 mile[2] frae east tae wast in muckle o Eurasie.[3][4][5][6][7][8] As a result o the empire's conquests an politeecal an economic impact on maist o the Auld Warld, its wars wi ither great pouers in Africae, Asie an Europe ar also believed tae be an ancient warld war.[9][10] Unner the Mongols, new technologies, various commodities an ideologies wur disseminatit an exchanged across Eurasie.
The Empire began tae split follaein a succession war in 1260-1264, as there wis dispute as tae which o Genghis's grandchildren shoud become the next Great Khan. Pouer wis first taken through ane council bi Ariqboke, a grandson o Genghis bi his son Tolui; while anither council held bi his Ariqboke's brither Kublai Khan declared Kublai as Great Khan instead. Kublai successfully claimed the leadership frae Ariqboke, but descendants o ither o Genghis's sons (Jochi, Ogedei, an Chagatai) also vied for pouer, or assertit independence. The Golden Horde, ruled bi the clan o Genghis's son Jochi; an the Chagatai Khanate, foondit bi Genghis's son Chagatai, opposed Kublai's claim o leadership, an began tae split off frae the main Empire.[11][12] Civil war ensued, as Kublai sought, unsuccessfully, tae regain control o the Chagatayid an Ogedeid families. Bi the time o Kublai Khan's daith, the Mongol Empire haed fractured intae fower separate khanates or empires, each pursuin its awn separate interests an objectives: the Golden Horde khanate in the northwast, the Chagatai Khanate in the wast, the Ilkhanate in the soothwast, an the Empire o the Great Khan (Yuan dynasty), which wis based in modern-day Beijing.[13] It wis no till 1304, when aw Mongol khans submittit tae Kublai's successor, the Khagan Temür Öljeytü, that the Mongol warld again acknowledged a single paramount sovereign for the first time since 1259 - an even the late Khagans' authority restit on nothin like the same foondations as that o Genghis Khan an his first three successors.[14][15] When the native Cheenese owerthrew the Yuan Dynasty in 1368, the Mongol Empire finally dissolved.