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وينه (په انگرېزي: Blood) يوه ډېره ځانگړې اکرنۍ (دوراني) نسج دی چې په خپل ځان کې بېلابېل نور سلولونه لري، همدا سلولونه بيا په يو ډول اوبلن چاپېريال کې بهېږي او د دغه اوبلن چاپېريال نوم پلازما دی چې کله ناکله د وينې پلازما په نامه هم يادېږي. د وينې په سلولي توکو کې د وينې سره توکي کوم چې د ساباسونکي گازونو لېږد رالېږد دنده لري، سربېره پر دې همدا سره توکي د وينې د سور رنگ اصلي لاملونه دي دا ځکه چې سره توکي د هېموگلوبين نه جوړ شوي او هېموگلوبين يو ډول وسپنه لرونکی پروټيني تړنگتوکی (مرکب) دی چې د په دې مرکب کې آکسيجن د وسپنې د عنصرونو سره تړلی وي. آکسيجن بيا ټول بدن ته د انرژي د جوړولو په پروسه کې اړين عنصر بلل کېږي. د وينې نور سلولي توکو کې سپين توکي هم راځي، دغو توکو ته په طبي ژبه کې ليوکوسايټونه يا ليوکوسايټز هم وايي. ددغو توکو دنده د ناروغيو او نورو مکروبونو پر وړاندې د بدن ژغورنه ده. د وينې درېيمگړي واړه توکي پلېټلېټز سلولونه دي. ددغه ډول توکو دنده د وينې غوټه کېدنه ده او دا بيا په بدن کې د ټپونو د رغېدلو په پروسه کې گټورې کړنې ترسره کوي.
په طبي ژبه کې د هېمو hemo- او يا هېماټو hemato- ( برتانيوي انگليسي کې haemo- او haemato-) د يوناني ژبې وييکې "haima"، چې د "وينه" مانا لري، نه راوتلي او همدا نومونه په طبي لاروچارو کې هم کارېږي. د اناتومي له مخې وينه يوه تړونکی ووب يا connective tissue، بلل کېږي او دا هم د وينې د کړنو پخاطر او په هډوکو کې د وينې د سرچينې پخاطر.
د وينې په جوړښت او اکرني غونډال کې رامېنڅ ته شوې ربړې، ووبونه د ناسوبوالي او ناسم کارنتوب په لور ورماتوي. د اسکېميا اصطلاح د هغه ووب اړونده اشاره کوي کوم چې په ناکافي کچه په وينې خړوبېږي.
وينه په سږو او بدن کې د زړه په مرسته په اکرني غونډال کې پمپېږي. زړه ته د وينې د بېرته راستنېدو اضافي فشار بيا د جاذبې د ځواک او د هډتړ د عضلاتو د دندو په مرسته رامېنځ ته کېږي. په تيورو ژويو کې وينه د ليمف سره په يوه توازن کې ده، ليمف په پرله پسې توگه د وينې نه جوړ شوی (د کپېلري د ډېر چڼېدنې په پايله کې) چې بېرته وينې ته ورستنېږي (د توراسيک ډکټ له لارې). لېمفاوي اکر اکثراً د دوهم اکر په نامه هم ياد شوی.
وينه د بدن د تول ۷٪ برخه جوړوي،[1] چې منځوی غلاضت يې نژدې ۱۰۶۰ کيلوگرامه/متر۳، چې د خالصو اوبو غلاضت ۱۰۰۰ کيلوگرامه/متر۳ ډېر نژدې دی.[2] د يوه اوسطه بالغه فرد د وينې واليوم څه نا څه ۵ ليتره دی. وينه له پلازما او د گڼو نورو سلولونو (چې اکثراً د کورپوسکلز په نامه هم يادېږي) نه چې د اېرېتروسايټونو (د وينې سره توکي)، ليوکوسايټونو (د وينې سپين توکي)، او د اېرېتروسايټونو (د وينې صحيفې) په نامه يادېږي، جوړه شوې. د واليوم له مخې په وينه کې د سره توکو کچه نژدې ۴۵٪ ده او د وينې پاتې ۵۵٪ د پلازما نه جوړه ده جې په دې کې لږه برخه د سپينو توکو کچه جوړوي.
وينه په بشپړه توگه (د وينې پلازما او نور سلولونه) د غېر-نيوټوني مايعاتو خوځښتي ځانگړتياوؤ نه برخمنه ده. د وينې د بهېدنې ځانتياوې دا دي چې دا مايع د تر ټولو وړو رگونو کې موثرې بهېدنې وړتيا لري او د پلازما په پرتله د بهېدو لږ مقاومت ښکاره کوي. د دې برسېره، که چېرته د انسان ټول هېموگلوبين د وينې په سره توکو کې نه بلکه په پلازما کې په آزاده بڼه کې وای، نو دا اکرنی (دوراني) مايع به ډېر ټينگ وای او همدا ټينگښت به د زړه او رگونو د غونډال په سم کار کې خنډ راپېښ کړای وای.
کينډۍ:دا هم وگورۍ په يوه مايکروليتر وينه کې دا ډول سلولونه موندل کېږي:
پاراميټر | ارزښت |
---|---|
هېماتوکريت |
۴۵ ± ۷ (۳۸ – ۵۲٪) د نارينؤ لپاره |
pH | ۷٫۳۵ – ۷٫۴۵ |
base excess | -۳ to +۳ |
PO۲ | ۱۰ – ۱۳ kPa (۸۰ – ۱۰۰ mm Hg) |
PCO۲ | ۴٫۸ – ۵٫۸ kPa (۳۵ – ۴۵ mm Hg) |
HCO۳- | ۲۱ mM – ۲۷ mM |
په وينه کې منحل آکسيجن |
آکسيجن لړلې وينه: ۹۸ – ۹۹٪ |
پلازما د وينې نژدې ۵۵٪ برخه جوړوي، دا يوه اوبلنه ماده ده چې د وينې د مايع محيط ترېنه جوړ دی او رنگ يې زېړبخن دی. په يوه منځوي وگړي کې د وينې د پلازما ټول واليوم ۲٫۷ – ۳٫۰ ليترو پورې رسېږي. دا يوه ډېره اهمه اوبلنه ماده ده چې ۹۲٪ برخه يې اوبه او پاتې ۸٪ برخه يې د وينې پلازما پروټينونه او ځينې نور معدنيات جوړوي. پلازما حل شوي غذايي توکي (هغه چې په وينه کې حل شوي او يا هم په پلازما پروټينو نښتي) لکه گلوکوز، امينو اسيدونه او شهمي اسيدونه په بدن کې څرخوي او بېکاره توکي او فضله مواد لکه کاربون ډای آکسايډ، يوريا او لاکټيک اسيد له دوراني غونډال نه ليري کوي.
نور اهم توکي په دې توگه دي:
د سېروم اصطلاح د وينې پلازما لور ته اشاره کوي، د وينې پلازما هغه مايع ده چې د وينې غوټه کېدنې پروټينونه ترې ليري شوي او د البومين او اميونوگلوبولينو نه بډايه ده .
په انسانانو کې د شرياني وينې نورماله pH نژدې ۷٫۴۰ (نورماله حدود ۷٫۳۵ – ۷٫۴۵) دی. د وينې همدا خاصيت دغه مايع د ضعيفه القلياتو په کتار کې شمېري. هغه وينه چې د pH ارزښت يې له ۷،۳۵ نه ښکته وي د اسيدي وينې او چې د pH ارزښت يې له ۷٫۴۵ نه پورته وي د قليايي وينې په کتار کې شمېرل کېږي. د وينې pH، د وينې د آکسيجن (pO۲) نسبي فشار، د وينې د کاربون ډای آکسايډ (pCO۲) نسبي فشار، او د وينې د بايکاربونېټ HCO۳ په منظم ډول د هېموستاتيک مېکانيزم له مخې تنظيمېږي، which exert their influence principally through the respiratory system and the urinary system in order to control the acid-base balance and respiration. Plasma also circulates hormones transmitting their messages to various tissues. The list of normal reference ranges for various blood electrolytes is extensive.
Blood is composed of several kinds of cells (occasionally called corpuscles); these formed elements of the blood constitute about ۴۵٪ of whole blood by volume, mostly red blood cells. The other ۵۵٪ is blood plasma, a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium, appearing yellow in color. The proportion of blood occupied by red blood cells is referred to as the hematocrit.
The normal pH of human arterial blood is approximately ۷٫۴۰ (normal range is ۷٫۳۵-۷٫۴۵), a weak alkaline solution. Blood that has a pH below ۷٫۳۵ is acidic, while blood pH above ۷٫۴۵ is alkaline. Blood pH along with arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO۲) and HCO۳ readings are helpful in determining the acid-base balance of the body. The respiratory system and urinary system normally control the acid-base balance of blood as part of homeostasis. Blood is about ۷٪ of the human body weight,[6] so the average adult has a blood volume of about ۵ litres, of which ۲٫۷-۳ litres is plasma. Human blood density is around ۱۰۶۰ kg/m³.[7] The combined surface area of all the red cells in the human body would be roughly ۲٬۰۰۰ times as great as the body's exterior surface.[citation needed]
The cells are:
Blood plasma is essentially an aqueous solution containing ۹۲٪ water, ۸٪ blood plasma proteins, and trace amounts of other materials. Some components are:
Together, plasma and cells form a non-Newtonian fluid whose flow properties are uniquely adapted to the architecture of the blood vessels.
The term serum refers to plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed. Most of the protein remaining is albumin and immunoglobulins.
د وينې سلولونه د هډوکي په مېنځ کې جوړېږي، چې د بون مېرو يا د هډوکي مغز په نامه يادېږي. د وينې جوړېدنې دغه پروسې ته هېماټوپويسز يا وينه جوړېدنه وايي. د وينې پروټيني توکي (چې په دې کې غوټه کېدونکي پروټينونه هم دي) په زيات شمېر کې په ځيگر کې توليدېږي، خو هورمونونه بيا په اينډوکرايني مرغړيو کې توليدېږي چې په وينه کې د بهېدو کچه يې د هايپوتالاموس لخوا کنټرولېږي. د وينې د اوبلنوالي ځانتيا هم د هايپوتالاموس لخوا اداره کېږي چې د پښتورگو او هضمي غونډالونو لخوا پرې وړ کړنې ترسره کېږي.
د وينې سلولونه په توري کې او د ځيگر په کوپفر سلولونو کې خپل تنزلي پړاو پوره کوي. ځيگر د ځينو پروټينونو، حشمياتو او امينو اسيدونو د چاڼولو دنده هم لري. پښتورگي بيا په فعاله توگه فضله مواد د ميتيازو له لارې د بدن نه ليرې کوي. د ايرېتروسايټو يا د وينې د سره توکو عمر اکثراً ۱۲۰ ورځې وي چې په سيستماتيک ډول نوي ايرېتروسايټونه چې د هېماټوپويسز د پروسې له مخې جوړېږي، د زړو ايرېتروسايټونو ځای نيسي .
See Oxygen transportation.
Blood oxygenation is measured in several ways, but the most important measure is the hemoglobin (Hb) saturation percentage. This is a non-linear (sigmoidal) function of the partial pressure of oxygen. About 98.5% of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human breathing air at normal pressure is chemically combined with the Hb. Only 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not connected to Hb. The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in mammals and many other species (for exceptions, see below).
With the exception of pulmonary and umbilical arteries and their corresponding veins, arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and deliver it to the body via arterioles and capillaries, where the oxygen is consumed; afterwards, venules and veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Differences in infrared absorption between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood form the basis for realtime oxygen saturation measurement in hospitals and ambulances.
Under normal conditions in humans at rest, haemoglobin in blood leaving the lungs is about 98-99% saturated with oxygen. In a healthy adult at rest, deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs is still approximately 75% saturated.[8][9] Increased oxygen consumption during sustained exercise reduces the oxygen saturation of venous blood, which can reach less than 15% in a trained athlete; although breathing rate and blood flow increase to compensate, oxygen saturation in arterial blood can drop to 95% or less under these conditions.[10] Oxygen saturation this low is considered dangerous in an individual at rest (for instance, during surgery under anesthesia): "As a general rule, any condition which leads to a sustained mixed venous saturation of less than 50% will be poorly tolerated and a mixed venous saturation of less than 30% should be viewed as a medical emergency."[11]
A fetus, receiving oxygen via the placenta, is exposed to much lower oxygen pressures (about 20% of the level found in an adult's lungs) and so fetuses produce another form of hemoglobin with a much higher affinity for oxygen (hemoglobin F) in order to extract as much oxygen as possible from this sparse supply.[12]
Substances other than oxygen can bind to the hemoglobin; in some cases this can cause irreversible damage to the body. Carbon monoxide for example is extremely dangerous when absorbed into the blood. When combined with the hemoglobin, it irreversibly makes carboxyhemoglobin which reduces the volume of oxygen that can be carried in the blood. This can very quickly cause suffocation, as oxygen is vital to many organisms (including humans). This damage can occur when smoking a cigarette (or similar item) or in event of a fire. Thus carbon monoxide is considered far more dangerous than the actual fire itself because it reduces the oxygen carrying content of the blood.
د غوماشو وينې ته هېمولېمف وايي او تيورو ژويو ته ناورته په غوماشو کې وينه د آکسيجن په لېږدېدنه کې هېڅ رول نه لري. په دغو کې ژوندي مخلوق کې يو ډول پرانيستې برخه ده چې د ټراکيا يا کرنکې په نامه يادېږي. په دغه کرنکه کې د هوا نه په سيخه توگه آکسيجن ورننوځي چې بيا همدا آکسيجن راساً د هغوی ووبونو (انساج) ته د ډفيوژن د کړنې په مرسته ورځي. خو د غوماشو وينه ووبونو ته يواځې د خوړنتوکو د رسولو او د غونډال نه د بېکاره فضله موادو په وېستلو کې مرسته کوي.
In some small invertebrates like insects, oxygen is simply dissolved in the plasma. Larger animals use respiratory proteins to increase the oxygen carrying capacity. Hemoglobin is the most common respiratory protein found in nature. Hemocyanin (blue) contains copper and is found in crustaceans and mollusks. It is thought that tunicates (sea squirts) might use vanabins (proteins containing vanadium) for respiratory pigment (bright green, blue, or orange).
In many invertebrates, these oxygen-carrying proteins are freely soluble in the blood; in vertebrates they are contained in specialized red blood cells, allowing for a higher concentration of respiratory pigments without increasing viscosity or damaging blood filtering organs like the kidneys.
Giant tube worms have extraordinary hemoglobins that allow them to live in extraordinary environments. These hemoglobins also carry sulfides normally fatal in other animals.
When systemic arterial blood flows through capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood. Some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the blood. Some carbon dioxide reacts with hemoglobin and other proteins to form carbamino compounds. The remaining carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions through the action of RBC carbonic anhydrase. Most carbon dioxide is transported through the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions.
Some oxyhemoglobin loses oxygen and becomes deoxyhemoglobin. Deoxyhemoglobin has a much greater affinity for H+ than does oxyhemoglobin so it binds most of the hydrogen ions.
In humans and other hemoglobin-using creatures, oxygenated blood is bright red. This is due to oxygenated iron in the red blood cells. Deoxygenated blood is a darker shade of red, which can be seen during blood donation and when venous blood samples are taken. However, due to an optical effect caused by the way in which light penetrates through the skin, veins typically appear blue in color. This has led to a common misconception that venous blood is blue before it is exposed to air. Another reason for this misconception is that medical charts always show venous blood as blue in order to distinguish it from arterial blood which is depicted as red on the same chart.
The blood of horseshoe crabs is blue, which is a result of its high content in copper-based hemocyanin instead of the iron-based hemoglobin found, for example, in humans.
In mammals the restriction of blood flow is commonly used as a temporary provision of force, as in an erection.
Hippocratic medicine considered blood one of the four humors (together with phlegm, yellow bile and black bile). As many diseases were thought to be due to an excess of blood, bloodletting and leeching were a common intervention until the 19th century (it is still used for some rare blood disorders).
In classical Greek medicine, blood was associated with air, springtime, and with a merry and gluttonous (sanguine) personality. It was also believed to be produced exclusively by the liver.
Blood pressure and blood tests are amongst the most commonly performed diagnostic investigations that directly concern the blood.
کينډۍ:Seealso
Problems with blood circulation and composition play a role in many diseases.
Blood transfusion is the most direct therapeutic use of blood. It is obtained from human donors by blood donation. As there are different blood types, and transfusion of the incorrect blood may cause severe complications, crossmatching is done to ascertain the correct type is transfused.
Other blood products administered intravenously are platelets, blood plasma, cryoprecipitate and specific coagulation factor concentrates.
Many forms of medication (from antibiotics to chemotherapy) are administered intravenously, as they are not readily or adequately absorbed by the digestive tract.
As stated above, some diseases are still treated by removing blood from the circulation.
It is the fluid part of the blood that saves lives where severe blood loss occurs, other preparations can be given such as ringers atopical plasma volume expander as a non-blood alternative, and these alternatives where used are rivalling blood use where used.
Due to its importance to life, blood is associated with a large number of beliefs. One of the most basic is the use of blood as a symbol for family relationships; to be "related by blood" is to be related by ancestry or descendance, rather than marriage. This bears closely to bloodlines, and sayings such as "blood is thicker than water" and "bad blood", as well as "Blood brother". Blood is given particular emphasis in the Jewish and Christian religions because (Leviticus 17:11) says "the life of a creature is in the blood."
The differences in sugars and protein sequences sets human blood apart from animal blood and this has been used as an argument for creation in religious circles.
Among the Germanic tribes (such as the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings), blood was used during the sacrifices, the Blóts. The blood was considered to have the power of its originator and after the butchering the blood was sprinkled on the walls, on the statues of the gods and on the participants themselves. This act of sprinkling blood was called bleodsian in Old English and the terminology was borrowed by the Roman Catholic Church becoming to bless and blessing. The Hittite word for blood, ishar was a cognate to words for "oath" and "bond", see Ishara. The Ancient Greeks believed that the blood of the Gods, ichor, was a mineral that was poisonous to mortals.
In Judaism, blood cannot be consumed even in the smallest quantity (Leviticus 3:17 and elsewhere); this is reflected in Jewish dietary laws (Kashrut). Blood is purged from meat by salting and soaking in water.
Other rituals involving blood are the covering of the blood of fowl and game after slaughtering (Leviticus 17:13); the reason given by the Torah is: "Because the life of every animal is [in] his blood" (ibid 17:14), although from its context in Leviticus 3:17 it would appear that blood cannot be consumed because it is to be used in the sacrificial service (known as the korbanot), in the Temple in Jerusalem. Blood (the blood of a lamb) was also the means for antonement of sins for the Jews.
Ironically, Judaism has historically been the religion to be most affected by blood libels.
Some Christian churches, including Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, branches of Anglicanism, and the Moravian Church, teach that when consecrated the Eucharist wine becomes the material Blood of Jesus. Thus in the consecrated wine (now the Most Precious Blood of Christ), Jesus becomes spiritually and physically present. This teaching is rooted in the Last Supper as written in the four gospels of the Bible, in which Jesus stated to his disciples that the bread which they ate was his body, and the wine was his blood. "This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you." (کينډۍ:Sourcetext). Various forms of Protestantism, especially those of a Wesleyan or Presbyterian lineage, teach that the wine is no more than a symbol of the blood of Christ, who is not physically but spiritually present. Blood (the blood of Jesus Christ) is also seen as the means for atonement for sins for Christians. Lutheran theology teaches that the body and blood is present together "in, with, and under" the bread and wine of the eucharist feast. Mormons believe that before Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit, blood was not present in their bodies. It is said to have formed after the Fall when they became mortal.
د اسلامي حکمونو له مخې د هغو خواړو چې په ځان کې وينه لري حرام گڼل کېږي.
Jehovah's Witnesses do not eat blood or accept tranfusions of whole blood or its four major components namely, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (thrombocytes), and whole plasma. Members are instructed to personally decide whether or not to accept fractions, and medical procedures that involve their own blood.
Vampires are mythological beings which live forever by drinking the blood of the living. Stories of creatures of this kind are known all over the world. European versions of this myth are mostly inspired by folklore based on the stories regarding Vlad Dracula.[citation needed]
In Chinese culture, it is often said that if a man's nose produces a small flow of blood, this signifies that he is experiencing sexual desire. This often appears in Chinese-language and Hong Kong films. This is also evident in Japanese culture and is parodied in anime and manga. Male characters will often be shown with a nosebleed if they have just seen a female nude or in little clothing, or if they have had an erotic thought or fantasy.[citation needed]
Blood is one of the body fluids that has been used in art.[13] In particular, the performances of Viennese Actionist Hermann Nitsch, Franko B, Lennie Lee, Ron Athey, Yang Zhichao and Kira O' Reilly along with the photography of Andres Serrano, have incorporated blood as a prominent visual element. Marc Quinn has made sculptures using frozen blood, including a cast of his own head made using his own blood.
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