Pertempuran Tours

Pertempuran Tours (10 Oktober 732)^[3] atau Pertempuran Poitiers atau معركة بلاط الشهداء (Ma‘arakat Balâṭ Ash-Shuhadâ’)code: ar is deprecated Pertempuran Bangsal Syuhada^[4] ialah pertempuran yang tercetus di Tours, kira-kira 20 kilometer (12 bt) di timur laut Poitiers, sekitar kawasan bersempadan antara wilayah kekuasaan Frank dan Aquitaine merdeka. Dalam pertempuran ini, orang Frank dan Burgundi^[5]^[6] pimpinan Charles Martel, penguasa Austrasia melawan tentera Bani Umayyah pimpinan gabenor Al-Andalus Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi. Pertempuran ini berakhir dengan kemenangan bangsa Frank, terbunuhnya Al-Ghafiqi, serta perluasan kekuasaan Martel ke selatan. Perincian pertempuran ini, termasuk lokasi yang sama dan jumlah tentera yang bertarung dalam pertempuran ini tidak dapat diketahui, namun menurut legenda pasukan Frank bertempur tanpa menggunakan pasukan berkuda.

Fakta Segera Tarikh, Lokasi ...

Pertempuran Tours

Lukisan Charles de Steuben Bataille de Poitiers en Octobre 732 menggambarkan Charles Martel (berkuda) menghadapi Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi (kanan) dalam Pertempuran Tours.

Tarikh	10 Oktober 732
Lokasi	dekat Tours, Perancis
Keputusan	Kemenangan Frank

Pihak yang terlibat

Orang Frank Karolingia

Kekhalifahan Umayyah

Komandan dan pemimpin

Charles Martel

Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi †

Kekuatan

mungkin 20.000-30.000

tidak diketahui, namun sumber awal menyebutkan 80,000^[1]

Kerugian dan korban

Tidak diketahui; 1,500 dilaporkan

Mungkin 10,000, termasuk Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi^[2]

Tutup

Kemenangan Frank dalam pertempuran ini merupakan awal berdirinya Kekaisaran Karolingia dan dominasi bangsa Frank ke atas Eropah, dan menurut sebahagian sejarawan, kemenangan ini telah menyelamatkan Agama Kristian dan menahan penaklukan umat Islam di Eropah. "Pendirian kekuasaan Frank di Eropah barat menentukan takdir benua tersebut, dan Pertempuran Tours memastikan kekuasaan tersebut."^[7]

Catatan kaki

Rujukan dan bahan bacaan

Arabs, Franks, and the Battle of Tours, 732: Three Accounts from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook
Bachrach, Bernard S (2001). Early Carolingian Warfare: Prelude to Empire. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3533-9
Barbero, Alessandro (2004). Charlemagne: Father of a Continent. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23943-1
Bede, Giles, John Allen, Stevens, John, Gurvey, Anna and Petrie, Henry (1847). The Venerable Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England. H. G. Bohn.
Bennett, Bradsbury, Devries, Dickie and Jestice, Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World
Coppée, Henry (1881/2002). History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab Moors, With a Sketch of the Civilization Which They Achieved, and Imparted to Europe. Vol II. Gorgias Press. ISBN 1-931956-94-4
Cowley, Robert and Parker, Geoffrey (Eds.). (2001). The Reader's Companion to Military History. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0-618-12742-9
Creasy, Edward Shepherd (1851/2001). Decisive Battles of the World. Simon Publicatons. ISBN 1-931541-81-7
Davis, Paul K. (1999) "100 Decisive Battles From Ancient Times to the Present" ISBN 0-19-514366-3
Eggenberger, David (1985). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-24913-1
Fouracre, Paul (2000). The Age of Charles Martel. Pearson Education. ISBN 0-582-06476-7
Gibbon, Edward The Battle of Tours, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Grant, Michael History of Rome
Grunebaum, Gustave von (2005). Classical Islam: A History, 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D. Aldine Transaction. ISBN 0-202-30767-0
Hanson, Victor Davis. Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power. Anchor Books, 2001. Published in the UK as Why the West has Won. Faber and Faber, 2001. ISBN 0-571-21640-4
Hitti, Philip Khuri (2002). History of Syria Including Lebanon and Palestine. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1-931956-61-8
Hooker, Richard "Civil War and the Umayyads"
Lewis, Bernard (1994). Islam and the West. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509061-6
Martin, Robert W. "The Battle of Tours is still felt today", from about.com
Mastnak, Tomaž (2002). Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World, and Western Political Order. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22635-6
Oman, Charles W. (1960). Art of War in the Middle Ages A. D. 378-1515. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9062-6
Poke, The Battle of Tours, from the book Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World From Marathon to Waterloo by Sir Edward Creasy, MA
Reagan, Geoffrey, The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles, Canopy Books, NY (1992) ISBN 1-55859-431-0
Riche, Paul (1993). The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1342-4
Roberts, J.M. (2003) The New History of the World Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-521927-9
Santosuosso, Anthony (2004). Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-9153-9
Schoenfeld, Edward J. (2001). Battle of Poitiers. In Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker (Eds.). (2001). The Reader's Companion to Military History (p. 366). Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0-618-12742-9
Torrey, Charles Cutler (1922). The History of the Conquest of Egypt, North Africa and Spain: Known as the Futūh Miṣr of Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥakam. Yale University Press.
The Battle of Tours 732, from the "Jewish Virtual Library" website: A division of the American-Israeli Cooperative.
Tours, Poiters, from "Leaders and Battles Database" online.
Watson, William E., "The Battle of Tours-Poitiers Revisited", Providence: Studies in Western Civilization, 2 (1993)
Wolf, Kenneth Baxter (2000). Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0-85323-554-6

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Tarikh

Lokasi

dekat Tours, Perancis

Keputusan

Kemenangan Frank

Catatan kaki

Rujukan dan bahan bacaan

Arabs, Franks, and the Battle of Tours, 732: Three Accounts from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook
Bachrach, Bernard S (2001). Early Carolingian Warfare: Prelude to Empire. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3533-9
Barbero, Alessandro (2004). Charlemagne: Father of a Continent. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23943-1
Bede, Giles, John Allen, Stevens, John, Gurvey, Anna and Petrie, Henry (1847). The Venerable Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England. H. G. Bohn.
Bennett, Bradsbury, Devries, Dickie and Jestice, Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World
Coppée, Henry (1881/2002). History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab Moors, With a Sketch of the Civilization Which They Achieved, and Imparted to Europe. Vol II. Gorgias Press. ISBN 1-931956-94-4
Cowley, Robert and Parker, Geoffrey (Eds.). (2001). The Reader's Companion to Military History. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0-618-12742-9
Creasy, Edward Shepherd (1851/2001). Decisive Battles of the World. Simon Publicatons. ISBN 1-931541-81-7
Davis, Paul K. (1999) "100 Decisive Battles From Ancient Times to the Present" ISBN 0-19-514366-3
Eggenberger, David (1985). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-24913-1
Fouracre, Paul (2000). The Age of Charles Martel. Pearson Education. ISBN 0-582-06476-7
Gibbon, Edward The Battle of Tours, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Grant, Michael History of Rome
Grunebaum, Gustave von (2005). Classical Islam: A History, 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D. Aldine Transaction. ISBN 0-202-30767-0
Hanson, Victor Davis. Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power. Anchor Books, 2001. Published in the UK as Why the West has Won. Faber and Faber, 2001. ISBN 0-571-21640-4
Hitti, Philip Khuri (2002). History of Syria Including Lebanon and Palestine. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1-931956-61-8
Hooker, Richard "Civil War and the Umayyads"
Lewis, Bernard (1994). Islam and the West. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509061-6
Martin, Robert W. "The Battle of Tours is still felt today", from about.com
Mastnak, Tomaž (2002). Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World, and Western Political Order. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22635-6
Oman, Charles W. (1960). Art of War in the Middle Ages A. D. 378-1515. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9062-6
Poke, The Battle of Tours, from the book Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World From Marathon to Waterloo by Sir Edward Creasy, MA
Reagan, Geoffrey, The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles, Canopy Books, NY (1992) ISBN 1-55859-431-0
Riche, Paul (1993). The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1342-4
Roberts, J.M. (2003) The New History of the World Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-521927-9
Santosuosso, Anthony (2004). Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-9153-9
Schoenfeld, Edward J. (2001). Battle of Poitiers. In Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker (Eds.). (2001). The Reader's Companion to Military History (p. 366). Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0-618-12742-9
Torrey, Charles Cutler (1922). The History of the Conquest of Egypt, North Africa and Spain: Known as the Futūh Miṣr of Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥakam. Yale University Press.
The Battle of Tours 732, from the "Jewish Virtual Library" website: A division of the American-Israeli Cooperative.
Tours, Poiters, from "Leaders and Battles Database" online.
Watson, William E., "The Battle of Tours-Poitiers Revisited", Providence: Studies in Western Civilization, 2 (1993)
Wolf, Kenneth Baxter (2000). Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0-85323-554-6