Legasi Pedro II dari Brazil bermula menjadi jelas tidak lama selepas kemangkatan baginda. Maharaja Pedro II merupakan raja pemerintah yang kedua dan yang terakhir Empayar Brazil, yang memerintah 58 tahun panjangnya (1831–1889) melambangkan waktu kemakmuran dan kemajuan yang luar biasa bagi negara baginda. Sungguhpun pencapaian baginda baik, baginda diderhakakan dengan digulingkan dalam suatu rampasan kuasa oleh ahli republik yang bersungut. Namun, tiada hasrat demi perubahan bentuk kerajaan dalam kalangan sebahagian besar orang Brazil.
Fakta Segera Pedro II, Maharaja Brazil ...
Pedro II |
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![Thumb](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Statue_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil.jpg/200px-Statue_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil.jpg) Bagi orang Brazil, Maharaja Pedro II ialah jelmaan ikonik tokoh bapa yang bijak, baik hati, zahid dan jujur. |
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Pemerintahan | 7 April 1831 – 15 November 1889 |
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Kemahkotaan | 18 Julai 1841 |
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Didahului oleh | Pedro I |
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Pewaris |
- Putera Afonso (1845–1847)
- Putera Pedro (1848–1850)
- Puteri Isabel (1847–1848, 1850–1891)
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Buang negeri | 15 November 1889 – 5 Disember 1891 |
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Pewaris | Isabel, Puteri Empayar |
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Keputeraan | (1825-12-02)2 Disember 1825 Istana São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro |
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Kemangkatan | Disember 5, 1891(1891-12-05) (umur 66) Paris, Perancis |
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Pasangan | Teresa dari Dua Sicily |
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Anakanda | |
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Kerabat | Kerabat Braganza |
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Ayahanda | Pedro I dari Brazil |
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Bonda | Maria Leopoldina dari Austria |
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Tandatangan | ![Thumb](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Signature_Pedro_II.png/125px-Signature_Pedro_II.png) |
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Tutup
Templat:Pedro II dari Brazil
Kepopularan baginda dalam kalangan penduduk tidak pernah berkurang, dan sokongan berterusan menjadi jelas, turut pada hari sebelum penggulingan baginda dan sepanjang baginda dibuang negeri. Baginda dilihat sebagai seorang wira, contoh rakyat, raja penyayang, dan sumber perpaduan dan kesejahteraan negara. Berikutan kemangkatan baginda, pertengkaran politik menghalang pemulangan jasad baginda ke Brazil. Usaha berterusan untuk menghantar balik jenazah baginda Maharaja dan suri baginda berlarutan selama berdekad-dekad. Pertikaian tersebut telah diselesaikan dan ini akhirnya disempurnakan pada tahun 1920 dengan gembar-gembur. Lebih berdekad-dekad, Pedro II beransur-ansur membesar dalam Brazil melambangkan pemerintah baik hati yang arketip, tidak menonjolkan diri dan hakiki yang hanya mengambil berat akan kebajikan negara.
Selain daripada kemakmuran dan pemodenan Pedro II yang ditinggalkan kepada negara, terdapat juga warisan nilai politik dan peribadi. Banyak pembaharuan dan pencapaian baginda menjadi begitu banyak sebahagian daripada kesedaran negara yang mereka disesuaikan oleh regim seterusnya. Ini membentuk asas prinsip demokratik Brazil. Para sejarawan juga kebanyakannya bersetuju bahawa pemerintahan Pedro II's bukan hanya baik, tetapi lebih, membina dan progresif secara luar biasa. Baginda juga sentiasa ditempatkan oleh para cendekiawan sebagai orang Brazil yang terbaik.
"Under the new Emperor, Brazil was to enjoy nearly half a century of internal peace and rapid material progress. Despite his youth, Pedro II soon showed a surprising capacity to give the country precisely the kind of government that its political development seemed to demand. Educated by conscientious tutors under a strict regime that left him little opportunity for contact with the court influences which had shaped his father’s character, he grew up to be serious minded, irreproachable in his private life, and indefatigable in the performance of what he considered his duty. He was keenly interested in art, science, and literature, well-informed though not profound or brilliant, an able and intelligent ruler if not a great statesman. His subjects loved him for his simplicity and his democratic ways even when they regarded his weakness with tolerant amusement or criticized his official acts with all the freedom permitted by an extremely broad-minded and tolerant policy toward the press." —Dana Gardner Munro in Munro 1942, halaman 273–274.
"Pedro II brought a natural talent to his work. Even at age 14, he was steady, equilibrated and discrete. The young emperor had another advantage. As his father said on the eve of his departure in 1831: 'My son has an advantage over me; that is the fact that he is Brazilian, and the Brazilians like him. He will reign without difficulty and the Constitution will guarantee his prerogatives.' During his reign, he acquired the reputation of being just and objective, projecting the image of an honest and ethical sovereign who would not hesitate in disciplining politicians who were caught turning away from his strict standards. In this he resembled Queen Victoria, his British contemporary, whose long reign (1837–1901) in great measure was parallel to his. Pedro II became more and more a point of reference for the elite, who used its straightness and firm pulse to move the country far away from the "unstable" Latin American republics." —Thomas E. Skidmore in Skidmore 2003, halaman 73.
"The task of transforming Brazil into a functioning nation-state fell to a boy aged fourteen. Pedro II devoted himself during the next half century to meeting the formidable challenge. 'During what is now a long life,' he reflected in November 1891, 'I have applied all my forces and all my devotion to assuring the progress and the prosperity of my people.' Resourceful, patient, and above all persevering, he eschewed bold initiatives and avoided confrontations. The emperor first established an undisputed dominance over public affairs, his integrity and his impartiality being respected by all. Even more important, the public persona he developed embodied the values which the ruling elements in Brazil wished for their country. He was at once the model emperor and the model citizen. He literally and metaphorically towered above his fellow Brazilians. Pedro II's achievements at home and the high reputation he established abroad convinced Brazilians that the goals he advocated would create a country as powerful and as civilized as France, Great Britain or the United States." —Roderick J. Barman in Barman 1999, halaman XIII–XIV.
"Throughout the half-century reign of Pedro II, Brazil enjoyed all appearances of a functioning representative democracy. Foreign observers were virtually unanimous in praising a political system that seemed so like the bourgeois regimes of Europe. The main focus of their enthusiasm lay in the regularity of elections and in the alternation of parties in power. The government scrupulously observed the Constitution, individual rights seemed protected, and no military leader or other dictator overthrew the elected government. A Senate of 50 members, chosen for life, and a Chamber with approximately 120 Deputies formed the legislature. Parliamentary government meant that, in practice, Cabinets had to receive the approval of the legislature in order to govern, even if the Emperor could dismiss one Cabinet and summon another." —Richard Graham in Graham 1994, halaman 71.
"The revolution which occurred in Pernambuco in 1848—Rio Grande do Sul had been pacified since 1845—ended a cycle of civil–military agitations that disturbed, during the regency and beyond, the life of the nation. The politics became British–like, and were improved, creating processes which began to function under the vigilant eyes of the emperor, whose personal power spanned the long period from 1840 to 1889. The peace was concluded and allowed, with the implementation of his ideals, the evolution of democracy in Brazil. There is not a more continuous period of tranquility in the history of South America, so different than the experiences of Brazil's neighbors [the South American republics formerly ruled by Spain] that J.B. Alberdi considered this the 'Brazilian miracle'. When the throne fell in 1889, Rojas Paúl, president of Venezuela, said, 'It has ended the only republic that existed in [South] America: the Empire of Brazil.' Mitre called it 'a crowned democracy'." —Pedro Calmon in Calmon 2002, halaman 217.
"D. Pedro ruled Brazil from 23 July 1840 up to 15 November 1889. It was 49 years, three months and 22 days, almost half a century. He assumed power when less than fifteen years old during a turbulent phase in the national life when Rio Grande do Sul was an independent republic, the Maranhão faced the revolt of the Balaiada, the bloody war of Cabanagem in Pará had barely ended, and England threatened the country with retaliation due to the slave traffic. He was deposed and exiled at 65 years old, leaving a consolidated nation, having abolished the slave trade, and having established the foundations of a representative system, thanks to uninterrupted elections and great freedom of the press. For the longevity of his government and the transformations effected during its course, no other head of State has marked more deeply the history of the country." —José Murilo de Carvalho in Carvalho 2007, halaman 9.
"Although having assumed power at a very young age by means of the contrived Majority of 23 July 1840, when he had not yet attained the age of 15 years, Dom Pedro II made the Second Empire a period of stability and growth for Brazil. Reserved and melancholic, Dom Pedro II was different in everything from his impetuous father, having remained in power for almost fifty years in one of history's longest reigns. Without having become obsessed by power—which he neglected in favor of studies—Dom Pedro II knew how to assert himself, even while young, and to balance between 'luzias' (liberals) and 'saquaremas' (conservatives), ushering the country into a period of stability and prosperity after 1850. Enormously interested in everything that was related to scientific discoveries, Dom Pedro II sought to modernize the nation, in many instances anticipating initiatives in European nations." —Pedro Karp Vasquez in Vasquez 2007, halaman 38.
"...in the History of Brazil, the pages dedicated to Pedro II, ascribe to him complete justice, heightening his moral greatness, his immense patriotism and the great well–being he accorded to Brazil.
Pedro II became immortal in the heart of the Brazilian people. Schools, libraries, hospitals, cultural societies, theaters, streets, squares, here, there, all over Brazil, exist which have received Pedro II's name." —Renato Sêneca Fleury in Fleury, halaman 55.
Nota kaki
Bibliografi
- Barman, Roderick J. (1999). Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3510-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Benevides, José Marijeso de Alencar (1979). D. Pedro II, patrono da astronomia brasileira (dalam bahasa Portuguese). Fortaleza: Imprensa oficial do Ceará.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Bueno, Eduardo (2003). Brasil: uma História (dalam bahasa Portuguese) (ed. 1st). São Paulo: Ática. ISBN 978-85-08-08952-9.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Calmon, Pedro (1975). História de D. Pedro II. 5 v (dalam bahasa Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: J. Olympio.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Calmon, Pedro (2002). História da Civilização Brasileira (dalam bahasa Portuguese). Brasília: Senado Federal. OCLC 685131818.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Carvalho, José Murilo de (1987). Os Bestializados: o Rio de Janeiro e a República que não foi (dalam bahasa Portuguese) (ed. 2nd). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Carvalho, José Murilo de (2007). D. Pedro II: ser ou não ser (dalam bahasa Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-359-0969-2.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Fleury, Renato Sêneca ([unknown date, before 1949]). D. Pedro II (dalam bahasa Portuguese). São Paulo: Melhoramentos. CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
- Graham, Richard (1994). Patronage and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2336-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Markun, Paulo (2000). Anita Garibaldi: uma heroína brasileira (dalam bahasa Portuguese) (ed. 4th). São paulo: Senac. ISBN 978-85-7359-086-9.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Martins, Luís (2008). O patriarca e o bacharel (dalam bahasa Portuguese) (ed. 2nd). São Paulo: Alameda.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Munro, Dana Gardner (1942). The Latin American Republics: A History. New York: D. Appleton.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Salles, Ricardo (1996). Nostalgia Imperial (dalam bahasa Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks. OCLC 36598004.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz (1998). As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos (dalam bahasa Portuguese) (ed. 2nd). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-7164-837-1.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Skidmore, Thomas E. (2003). Uma História do Brasil (dalam bahasa Portuguese). São Paulo: Paz e Terra. ISBN 978-85-219-0313-0.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Vasquez, Pedro Karp (2007). Nos trilhos do progresso: A ferrovia no Brasil imperial vista pela fotografia (dalam bahasa Portuguese). São Paulo: Metalivros. ISBN 978-85-85371-70-8.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Vianna, Hélio (1994). História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república (dalam bahasa Portuguese) (ed. 15th). São Paulo: Melhoramentos. ISBN 978-85-06-01999-3.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Templat:Empayar Brazil