Charles H. Townes

Charles Hard Townes (28 Julai 1915 – 27 Januari 2015) ialah ahli fizik Amerika Syarikat^[1][2] dan pencipta maser. Townes bekerja pada teori dan penerapan maser, yang mana beliau memperoleh hak paten asas, dan kerja lain dalam elektronik kuantum yang berkaitan dengan kedua-dua alat maser dan laser.^{[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]} Beliau berkongsi Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik bersama Nikolay Basov dan Alexander Prokhorov.^[12][13] Townes ialah penasihat kepada Kerajaan Amerika Syarikat, bertemu dengan setiap Presiden AS dari Harry Truman (1945) ke Bill Clinton (1999).

Charles H. Townes

Penerbitan terpilih

• Gordon, J.; Zeiger, H.; Townes, Charles (1955). "The Maser—New Type of Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer". Physical Review. 99 (4): 1264–1274. Bibcode:1955PhRv...99.1264G. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.99.1264.
• Shimoda, K.; Wang, T.; Townes, Charles (1956). "Further Aspects of the Theory of the Maser". Physical Review. 102 (5): 1308–1321. Bibcode:1956PhRv..102.1308S. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.102.1308.
• Schawlow, Arthur; Townes, Charles (1958). "Infrared and Optical Masers". Physical Review. 112 (6): 1940–1949. Bibcode:1958PhRv..112.1940S. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.112.1940.
• Townes, Charles (1999). How the Laser Happened: Adventures Of a Scientist. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512268-8.
• Townes, Charles; Schawlow, Arthur (1955). Microwave Spectroscopy. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-065095-4.
• Townes, Charles (1995). Making Waves. American Institute of Physics Press. ISBN 978-1-56396-381-0.

Rujukan

1. "Charles H. Townes — Biographical". Nobelprize.org. 2006. Dicapai pada 2014-07-29.
2. "Remembering Charles Townes". Furman University. 2015-01-27. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2015-01-28. Dicapai pada 2015-01-27.
3. Bertolotti, Mario (2004). The History of the Laser. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7503-0911-0.
4. Bromberg, Joan (1991). The Laser in America, 1950–1970. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-585-36732-3.
5. Chiao, Raymond, penyunting (1996). Amazing Light: A Volume Dedicated To Charles Hard Townes On His 80th Birthday. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-94658-0.
6. Chiao, Raymond, penyunting (2005). Visions of Discovery: New Light on Physics, Cosmology, and Consciousness, A Volume Dedicated to Charles Hard Townes on his 90th Birthday. Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-88239-2.
7. Haynie, Rachel (2014). First, You Explore: The Story of Young Charles Townes (Young Palmetto Books). University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-61117-343-7.
8. Hecht, Jeff (2005). Beam: The Race to Make the Laser. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514210-5.
9. Hecht, Jeff (1991). Laser Pioneers. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-336030-4.
10. Taylor, Nick (2000). Laser: The Inventor, the Nobel Laureate, and the Thirty-Year Patent War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-83515-0.
11. Townes, Frances (2007). Misadventures of a Scientist's Wife. Regent Press. ISBN 978-1-58790-128-7.
12. Boyd, Robert (2015). "Dr. Charles H. Townes (1915-2015) Laser co-inventor, astrophysicist and US presidential adviser". Nature. 519 (7543): 292. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..292B. doi:10.1038/519292a. PMID 25788091.
13. "Nobel laureate and laser inventor, Charles Hard Townes, dies at 99". Berkeley.edu. 2015-01-27. Dicapai pada January 27, 2015.

Pautan luar

• Charles Townes Oral History part 1 Childhood, college, career overview, Recorded at IEEE History Center, August 1991, Retrieved May 1, 2015
• Charles Townes Oral History part 2 Studies at Caltech and work at Bell Labs on the eve of World War II, Recorded at IEEE History Center, September 1992, Retrieved May 1, 2015
• The Learning Project^{[pautan mati kekal]} Charles Hard Townes, physicist, astronomer, university professor. Interview for The Learning Project: Views of Authentic Learning, June 2005