भारतातील मूळ भाषिकांच्या संख्येनुसार भाषांची यादी

भारत वेगवेगळ्या शंभर भाषांचे घर आहे. बहुतेक भारतीय हिंद-आर्य समूहील (७४%) भाषा बोलतात जी इंडो-युरोपियन भाषांची ही एक शाखा आहे. द्रविड (२४%), ऑस्ट्रोएस्ट्रीएटिक (मुंडा) (१.२%) आणि साइनो-तिबेटी (०.६%) सुद्धा बोलली जाते. या व्यतिरिक्त हिमालयाची काही भाषा आज ही वर्गीकृत नाही. एस आई एल एथनोलॉगच्या सूची नुसार भारतात ४१५ जीवंत भाषा आहेत.

ह्या लेखाचा/विभागाचा इंग्रजी किंवा अमराठी भाषेतून मराठी भाषेत भाषांतर करावयाचे बाकी आहे. अनुवाद करण्यास आपलाही सहयोग हवा आहे. ऑनलाईन शब्दकोश आणि इतर सहाय्या करिता भाषांतर प्रकल्पास भेट द्या. कृपया, पुढील भाषांतर संकेतांचे पालन आवर्जून करा. विकिपीडिया:शीर्षकलेखन संकेत अनुसार काही अपवाद वगळता लेख शीर्षके मराठीतच असणे अभिप्रेत आहे. एकूण लेख संख्येच्या अंदाजे २% पेक्षा अधिक लेख भाषांतर प्रतिक्षेत (इंग्रजी मसुद्याच्या स्वरूपात) असू नयेत असा संकेत आहे. स्वतःच्या संपादन संख्येच्या २% पेक्षा अधिक लेखात मसुदे परभाषेत चिटकवू नयेत.

भारतातील राज्ये आणि केंद्रशासित प्रदेशातील सर्वात सामान्यतः बोलल्या जाणाऱ्या (मातृभाषा) प्रथम भाषा.^{[1][lower-alpha 1]}

आढावा

India has 23 constitutionally recognized official languages. Hindi and English are the official languages used by the Central Government. State governments use respective official languages.

Hindi is the most widely spoken language in northern parts of India. The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as a broad variety of "Hindi languages". According to 2001 Census, 53.6% of Indian population declared that they speak Hindi either as first or second language, in which 41% of them have declared it as their native language or mother tongue. 13% Indians declared that they can speak English as a second language.

Thirteen languages account for more than 1% of Indian population each, and between themselves for over 95%; all of them are "scheduled languages of the constitution". Scheduled languages spoken by fewer than 1% of Indians are Santali (0.63%), Kashmiri (0.54%), Nepali (0.28%), Sindhi (0.25%), Konkani (0.24%), Dogri (0.22%), Meitei (0.14%), Bodo (0.13%) and Sanskrit (In the 2001 census of India, only 14,135 people reported Sanskrit as their native language). The largest language that is not "scheduled" is Bhili (0.95%), followed by Gondi (0.27%), Khandeshi (0.21%), Tulu (0.17%) and Kurukh (0.10%).

Indian population in 1991 exhibited 19.4% of bilingualism and 7.2% of trilingualism, so that the total percentage of "native languages" is at about 127%.

India has a Greenberg's diversity index of 0.914, i.e. two people selected at random from the country will have different native languages in 91.4% of cases.

मूळ भाषिकांच्या संख्येनुसार भाषांची यादी

Ordered by number of speakers as first language.

More than one million speakers

The 2001 census recorded 29 individual languages as having more than 1 million native speakers (0.1% of total population). The languages in bold are scheduled languages (the only scheduled language with less than 1 million native speakers is Sanskrit). The first table is restricted to only speaking populations for scheduled languages.

First, Second, and Third languages by number of speakers in India (2001 Census)

Language	First language speakers[2][3]	First language speakers as a percentage of total population[4]	Second language speakers[3]	Third language speakers[3]	Total speakers[3][5]	Total speakers as a percentage of total population[4]
Hindi[lower-alpha 2]	422,048,642	41.03	98,207,180	31,160,696	551,416,518	53.60
Bengali	83,369,769	8.10	6,637,222	1,108,088	91,115,079	8.86
Telugu	74,002,856	7.19	9,723,626	1,266,019	84,992,501	8.26
Marathi	71,936,894	6.99	9,546,414	2,701,498	84,184,806	8.18
तमिळ	60,793,814	5.91	4,992,253	956,335	66,742,402	6.49
Urdu	51,536,111	5.01	6,535,489	1,007,912	59,079,512	5.74
Kannada	37,924,011	3.69	11,455,287	1,396,428	50,775,726	4.94
Gujarati	46,091,617	4.48	3,476,355	703,989	50,271,961	4.89
Odia	33,017,446	3.21	3,272,151	319,525	36,609,122	3.56
Malayalam	33,066,392	3.21	499,188	195,885	33,761,465	3.28
English	226,449	0.02	86,125,221	38,993,066	125,344,736	12.18
Sanskrit	14,135	<0.01	1,234,931	3,742,223	4,991,289	0.49

Table: Ordered by number of native speakers

Rank	Language	2001 census[6] (total population 1,028,610,328 )		1991 census[7] (total population 838,583,988)		Encarta 2007 estimate[8] (worldwide speakers)
		Speakers	Percentage	Speakers	Percentage	Speakers
1	Hindi[9]	422,048,642	41.1%	329,518,087	39.29%	366 M
2	Bengali	83,369,769	8.11%	69,595,738	8.30%	207 M
3	Telugu	74,002,856	7.19%	66,017,615	7.87%	69.7 M
4	Marathi	71,936,894	6.99%	62,481,681	7.45%	68.0 M
5	तमिळ	60,793,814	5.91%	53,006,368	6.32%	66.0 M
6	Urdu	51,536,111	5.01%	43,406,932	5.18%	60.3 M
7	Gujarati	46,091,617	4.48%	40,673,814	4.85%	46.1 M
8	Kannada	37,924,011	3.69%	32,753,676	3.91%	35.3 M
9	Malayalam	33,066,392	3.21%	30,377,176	3.62%	35.7 M
10	Odia	33,017,446	3.21%	28,061,313	3.35%	32.3 M
11	Punjabi	29,102,477	2.83%	23,378,744	2.79%	57.1 M
12	Assamese	13,168,484	1.28%	13,079,696	1.56%	15.4 M
13	Maithili	12,179,122	1.18%	7,766,921	0.926%	24.2 M
14	Bhili/Bhilodi	9,582,957	0.93%
15	Santali	6,469,600	0.63%	5,216,325	0.622%
16	Kashmiri	5,527,698	0.54%
17	Nepali	2,871,749	0.28%	2,076,645	0.248%	16.1 M
18	Gondi	2,713,790	0.26%
19	Sindhi	2,535,485	0.25%	2,122,848	0.253%	19.7 M
20	Konkani	2,489,015	0.24%	1,760,607	0.210%
21	Dogri	2,282,589	0.22%
22	Khandeshi	2,075,258	0.21%
23	Kurukh	1,751,489	0.17%
24	Tulu	1,722,768	0.17%
25	Meitei (Manipuri)	1,466,705*	0.14%	1,270,216	0.151%
26	Bodo	1,350,478	0.13%	1,221,881	0.146%
27	Khasi	1,128,575	0.11%
28	Mundari	1,061,352	0.103%
29	Ho	1,042,724	0.101%

* Excludes figures of Paomata, Mao-Maram and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur for 2001.
** The percentage of speakers of each language for 2001 has been worked out on the total population of India excluding the population of Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati district of Manipur due to cancellation of census results.

100,000 to one million speakers

Rank	Language	2001 census
		Speakers	Percentage
30	Kui	916,222	0.089%
31	Garo	889,479	0.086%
32	Tripuri	854,023	0.083%
33	Lushai/Mizo	674,756	0.066%
34	Halabi	593,443	0.058%
35	Korku	574,481	0.056%
36	Miri/Mishing	551,224	0.054%
37	Munda	469,357	0.046%
38	Karbi/Mikir	419,534	0.041%
39	Koya	362,070	0.035%
40	Ao	261,387	0.025%
41	Savara	252,519	0.025%
42	Konyak	248,109	0.024%
43	Kharia	239,608	0.023%
44	English	226,449	0.022%
45	Malto	224,926	0.022%
46	Nissi/Dafla	211,485	0.021%
47	Adi	198,462	0.019%
48	Thado	190,595	0.019%
49	Lotha	170,001	0.017%
50	Coorgi/Kodagu	166,187	0.016%
51	Rabha	164,770	0.016%
52	Tangkhul	142,035	0.014%
53	Kisan	141,088	0.014%
54	Angami	132,225	0.013%
55	Phom	122,508	0.012%
56	Kolami	121,855	0.012%
57	Khond/Kondh[10]	118,597	0.012%
58	Dimasa	111,961	0.011%
59	Ladakhi	104,618	0.010%
60	Sema	103,529	0.010%

भाषिकांच्या संख्येनुसार मातृभाषांची यादी

Each of the languages of the 2001 census subsumes one or more mother tongues. Speaker numbers are available for these mother tongues and they are also included in the speaker numbers for their respective language. The following table lists those mother tongues that have more than one million speakers. Per the General Notes from the 2001 census: "Mother tongue is the language spoken in childhood by the person’s mother to the person. If the mother died in infancy, the language mainly spoken in the person’s home in childhood will be the mother tongue."^[11]

Mother tongues with more than one million speakers^[6]

Rank	Mother tongue	2001 census		Included in language
		Speakers	Percentage
1	Hindi	257,919,635	25.071%
2	Bengali	82,462,437	8.016%
3	Telugu	73,817,148	7.176%
4	Marathi	71,701,478	6.970%
5	तमिळ	60,655,813	5.896%
6	Urdu	51,533,954	5.009%
7	Gujarati	45,715,654	4.444%
8	Kannada	37,742,232	3.669%
9	Bhojpuri	33,099,497	3.217%	Hindi
10	Malayalam	33,015,420	3.209%
11	Odia	32,110,482	3.121%
12	Punjabi	28,152,794	2.737%
13	Rajasthani	18,355,613	1.784%	Hindi
14	Magadhi/Magahi	13,978,565	1.359%	Hindi
15	Chhattisgarhi	13,260,186	1.289%	Hindi
16	Assamese	12,778,735	1.242%
17	Maithili	12,178,673	1.184%
18	Haryanvi	7,997,192	0.777%	Hindi
19	Marwari	7,936,183	0.771%	Hindi
20	Santali	5,943,679	0.578%
21	Malvi	5,565,167	0.541%	Hindi
22	Kashmiri	5,362,349	0.521%
23	Mewari	5,091,697	0.495%	Hindi
24	Khortha/Khotta	4,725,927	0.459%	Hindi
25	Bhili/Bhilodi	3,313,481	0.322%
26	Bundeli/Bundelkhan	3,072,147	0.299%	Hindi
27	Nepali	2,867,922	0.279%
28	Bagheli	2,865,011	0.278%	Hindi
29	Pahari	2,832,825	0.275%	Hindi
30	Lamani/Lambadi	2,707,562	0.263%	Hindi
31	Awadhi	2,529,308	0.246%	Hindi
32	Wagdi	2,510,811	0.244%	Bhili
33	Gondi	2,505,247	0.244%
34	Harauti	2,462,867	0.239%	Hindi
35	Konkani	2,420,140	0.235%
36	Dogri	2,282,547	0.222%
37	Garhwali	2,267,314	0.220%	Hindi
38	Nimadi	2,148,146	0.209%	Hindi
39	Sadan/Sadri	2,044,776	0.199%	Hindi
40	Kumaoni	2,003,783	0.195%	Hindi
41	Dhundhari	1,871,130	0.182%	Hindi
42	Ahirani	1,865,813	0.181%	Khandeshi
43	Kurukh/Oraon	1,737,044	0.169%
44	Tulu	1,720,422	0.167%
45	Sindhi	1,694,061	0.165%
46	Meitei	1,466,497	0.143%
47	Surgujia	1,458,533	0.142%	Hindi
48	Bagri Rajasthani	1,434,123	0.139%	Hindi
49	Bodo/Boro	1,330,775	0.129%
50	Banjari	1,259,821	0.122%	Hindi
51	Nagpuria	1,242,586	0.121%	Hindi
52	Surjapuri	1,217,019	0.118%	Hindi
53	Kangri	1,122,843	0.109%	Hindi
54	Mundari	1,046,951	0.102%
55	Ho	1,037,987	0.101%

संदर्भ

1. "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. 17 September 2016 रोजी पाहिले.
2. ORGI. "Census of India: Comparative speaker's strength of Scheduled Languages-1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001".
3. S, Rukmini. "Sanskrit and English: there's no competition".
4. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/popu1.aspx
5. "Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language - Times of India".
6. Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2000, Census of India, 2001
7. Comparative Speaker's Strength of Scheduled Languages -1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001, Census of India, 1991
8. "Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People – Table – MSN Encarta". 2007-12-03 रोजी मूळ पान पासून संग्रहित. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (सहाय्य)
9. includes Western Hindi apart from Urdu, Eastern Hindi, Bihari languages except for Maithili, the Rajasthani languages, and the Pahari languages apart from Nepali and (in 2001) Dogri, whether or not the included varieties were reported as "Hindi" or under their individual names.
10. different from Kui language
11. Census Data 2001 General Notes

1. Some languages may be over- or under-represented as the census data used is at the state-level. For example, while Urdu has 52 million speakers (2001), in no state is it a majority language.
2. includes Western Hindi apart from Urdu, Eastern Hindi, Bihari languages except for Maithili, the Rajasthani languages, and the Pahari languages apart from Nepali and (in 2001) Dogri, whether or not the included varieties were reported as "Hindi" or under their individual names.