Suffragium mulierum

Suffragium mulierum, etiam suffragium muliebre appellatum, est ius per quod mulieres suffragium ferunt et honorem petere. Mulieres manca suffragii iura in Suecia, Finlandia, et nonnullis occidentalibus Civitatum Foederatarum civitatibus saeculo undevicensimo exeunte acceperunt.^[1] Organizationes nationales et internationales ad nisus coniungendos iurum suffragii consequendorum ortae sunt, praecipue Foedus Mulierum Internationale (1904), et operam iuribus civilibus mulierum constituendis dederunt.^[2]

Suffragium mulierum

Suffragistae Americanae pro suffragio monstrant, Februario 1913.

Anna II, Abbess Quedlinburgi. Aetate ante praesens in nonnullis Europae regionibus, abbesses interesse et suffragium ferre in variis coetibus nationalibus poterant per earum gradum intra ecclesias Catholica et Protestantibus.

Anno 1893, Nova Zelandia, tum colonia Britannica se gubernans, mulieribus adultis ius suffragiorum ferendorum concessit, et similiter Australia Meridiana, colonia sui iuris Britannica, anno 1895. Australia foederatio anno 1901 facta est, et mulieres suffragium et ius candidatae esse in comitiis foederalibus ex 1902, sed circumscriptiones discriminatoriae contra suffragia a mulieribus Aboriginalibus (et viris) in comitiis foederalibus lata solum anno ad 1962 omnino abolitae sunt.^[3][4]

Prima civitas Europaea quae suffragium mulierum introduxit fuit Magnus Ducatus Finlandiae, tum pars Imperii Russici, qui prima orbis terrarum membra parlamenti muliebria in comitiis parlamentariis anno 1907 elegit. Norvegia secuta est, plenum mulierum suffragium anno 1913 concedens. Plurimae civitates Europae, Asiae, et Africae suffragium mulierum sanxerunt solum post bellum mundanum I. Inter ultimas civitates quae suffragium mulierum asciverunt Francia anno 1944, Italia anno 1946, Graecia anno 1952,^[5] Helvetia anno 1971,^[6] et Lichtenstenum anno 1984 sunt.^[7] Civitates Americae Septentrionalis et plurimae civitates in America Media et Australi suffragium muliebre ante bellum mundanum secundum sanxerunt (vide Summarium infra).

Expeditiones politicae a mulieribus et earum fautoribus amplificatae plerumque necessariae fuerunt ad sanciendas leges vel emendationes constitutionales pro suffragio mulierum. In multis civitatibus, suffragium finitum mulieribus ante suffragium universale virorum concessum est; exempli gratia, suffragium mulieribus litteratis antequam omnibus viris concessum est. Consociatio Nationum suffragium mulierum annos sub bellum mundanum II suadebat, quod Conventio de abroganda omnis generis discriminatione mulierum (1979) ius primum appellat, et civitates 188 huic conventioni intersunt.

Nexus interni

• Aequalitas ante legem
• Antisuffragismus
• Iura mulierum
• Opus mulierum
• Silent Sentinels

Notae

1. DuBois 1998:174–176.
2. Sneider 2010:692–703.
3. Foundingdocs.gov.au.
4. E.C., Elections.org.nz, 13 Aprilis 2005.
5. De suffragio in Graecia.
6. Smith 2008:1:171.
7. "AROUND THE WORLD; Liechtenstein Women Win Right to Vote," The New York Times, 2 Iulii 1984.

Bibliographia

Mulieres suffragium ferunt Caburae in primis comitiis praesidentalibus in Afgania, Octobri 2004.

• Baker, Jean H. 2005. Sisters: The Lives of America's Suffragists. Novi Eboraci: Hill and Wang. ISBN 0809095289.
• Bryant, Edwin F. 2003. Hare Krishna Movement. In Religion and American Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressions, ed. Gary Laderman et Luis D. León, 3:110–112. Barbaropoli Californiae: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 157607238X.
• Karlsson-Sjögren, Åsa. Männen, kvinnorna och rösträtten : medborgarskap och representation 1723–1866. Suecice.
• Knott, Kim. 2004. Healing the Heart of ISKCON: The Place of Women. The Hare Krishna movement: the postcharismatic fate of a religious transplant. Ed. Edwin F. Bryant et Maria Ekstrand, 291–311. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231122566.
• Rochford, Burke E. 2007. Hare Krishna Transformed. Novi Eboraci: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814775790.
• Smith, Bonnie G. 2008. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxoniae: Oxford University Oress. ISBN 9780195148909.
• Woman suffrage. In Collier's New Encyclopedia 10:403–405. Novi Eboraci: P. F. Collier & Son Company.

Bibliographia addita

• DuBois, Ellen Carol. 1997. Harriot Stanton Blatch and the Winning of Woman Suffrage. Portu Novo et Londinii: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300065620.
• DuBois, Ellen Carol. 1998. Woman Suffrage and Women's Rights. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814719015.
• Flexner, Eleanor. 1959, 1975. Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States, ed. amplificata, praefatio Ellen Fitzpatrick. Cantabrigiae et Londinii: The Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674106539.
• Kenney, Annie. 1924. Memories of a Militant. Londinii: Edwin Arnold.
• Lloyd, Trevor. 1971. Suffragettes International: The Worldwide Campaign for Women's Rights. Novi Eboraci: American Heritage Press.
• Lowry, D. 1997. White woman's' country: Ethel Tawse Jollie and the Making of White Rhodesia. Journal of Southern African Studies 23(2):259–281.
• Markoff, John. 2003. Margins, Centers, and Democracy: The Paradigmatic History of Women's Suffrage. Signs 29(1):85–116. JSTOR.
• Mackenzie, Midge. 1975. Shoulder to Shoulder: A Documentary. Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0394730704.
• Sneider, Allison. 1020. The New Suffrage History: Voting Rights in International Perspective. History Compass 8(7):692–703.
• Raeburn, Antonia. 1973. Militant Suffragettes. Londinii: New English Library.
• Ramirez, Francisco O., Yasemin Soysal, et Suzanne Shanahan. 1997. The Changing Logic of Political Citizenship: Cross-National Acquisition of Women's Suffrage Rights, 1890 to 1990. American Sociological Review 62(5):735–745. JSTOR.
• Smith, Goldwin. 1875. Female Suffrage. Londinii: Macmillan and Co.
• Stevens, Doris. 1920, 1995. Jailed for Freedom: American Women Win the Vote. Ed. Carol O'Hare. Troutdale Oregoniae: NewSage Press (1995). ISBN 0939165252.
• Wheeler, Marjorie Spruill, ed. 1995. One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement. Troutdale Oregoniae: New Sage Press. ISBN 0939165260.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Suffragium mulierum spectant (Suffragium mulierum, Women's suffrage).

• Commentarius photographematicus de suffragio mulierum, www.imow.org (International Museum of Women)
• Suffragium in Canada, faculty.marianopolis.edu
• Suffragium mulierum, www.ipu.org (Inter-Parliamentary Union)