Zygoptera

Zygoptera sunt unus ex binis subordinibus insectorum ordinis Odonatorum. Anisopteris, insectis alius ordinis odonatorum, similes sunt, quamquam minora, corporibus tenuioribus, et multae species requiescentes alas iuxta corpus plicant, anisopteris enim dissimilia, quae alas procul a corpore tollunt. Zygoptera, grex antiquus, ex Permiano inferiori aut antea orta sunt, et in omne mundi continente praeter Antarcticam inveniuntur.

Calopteryx virgo

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Animalia — Arthropoda

Classis : Insecta 
Subclassis : Pterygota 
Infraclassis : Palaeoptera (disputata) 
Superordo : Odonatoptera 
Ordo : Odonata 
Subordo : Zygoptera 

   

Palaeontologia

271–0 m.a.: 

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Subdivisiones: Familiae

* Hemiphlebioidea

• • Hemiphlebiidae
• Coenagrionoidea
  • Coenagrionidae
  • Isostictidae
  • Platycnemididae
  • Platystictidae
  • "Protoneuridae" ^$
  • Pseudostigmatidae
• Lestoidea
  • Lestidae
  • Lestoideidae
  • "Megapodagrionidae" ^$
  • Perilestidae
  • Synlestidae
• Calopterygoidea
  • "Amphipterygidae" ^$
  • Calopterygidae
  • Chlorocyphidae
  • Dicteriadidae
  • Euphaeidae
  • Polythoridae
  • †Zacallitidae

^$ gregem paraphyleticos indicat.

Ischnura heterosticta femina.

Omnia zygoptera sunt praedatores: ambo nymphae et adulti insectis aliisque invertebratis vescuntur. Nymphae aquaticae sunt, atque variae species in variis circumiectis aquaticis habitant, plerumque in paludibus acidicis, stagnis, lacubus, fluminibus.

Classificatio

Enodatio molecularis anno 2013 confirmavit plurimas familias traditionales esse monophleticas, sed amphipterygidas, megapodagrionidas, et protoneuridas esse paraphyleticas et iterum ordinandas. Protoneuridae ipsae ex sex cladis et quinque familiis componuntur. Duodecim exstantes familae traditionales ad tempus sic ordinantur (tribus familiis paraphyleticis celatis, multisque singulis iam incertis):^[1]

Zygoptera	Lestoidea Hemiphlebiidae Perilestidae Synlestidae Lestidae Platystictoidea Platystictidae "Calopterygoidea," retractata Calopterygidae Chlorocyphidae Dicteriadidae Polythoridae 13 aliae familiae Euphaeidae Lestoideidae 8 familiae ut fieri possunt, incertae sedis Coenagrionoidea Platycnemididae Coenagrionidae (Pseudostigmatidis inclusis) Isostictidae

Systematica

Larva zyganopteri (Coenagrii puellae).

Larva anisopteri.

Zygopterum ex ovo nuper exclusum.

Enallagma cyathigerum adultum

Superfamiliae et familiae

Classificatio traditionalis.

• Hemiphlebioidea
  • Hemiphlebiidae
• Coenagrionoidea
  • Coenagrionidae
  • Isostictidae
  • Platycnemididae
  • Platystictidae
  • Protoneuridae
  • Pseudostigmatidae
• Lestoidea
  • Lestidae
  • Lestoideidae
  • Megapodagrionidae
  • Perilestidae
  • Pseudolestidae
  • Synlestidae
• Calopterygoidea
  • Amphyipterygidae
  • Calopterygidae
  • Chlorocyphidae
  • Dicteriadidae
  • Euphaeidae
  • Polythoridae

Familiae et genera in Europa notissima

• Calopterygidae
  • Calopteryx virgo
  • Calopteryx splendens
  • Calopteryx xanthostoma
  • Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis
• Lestidae
  • Sympecma fusca
  • Sympecma paedisca
  • Lestes dryas
  • Lestes sponsa
  • Lestes virens
  • Lestes barbarus
  • Lestes macrostigma
• Platycnemididae
  • Platycnemis pennipes
  • Platycnemis latipes (Europa meridiana et occidentalis)
  • Platycnemis acutipennis (Eurrpa meridiana)
• Coenagrionidae
  • Pyrrhosoma nymphula
  • Ceriagrion tenellum
  • Nehalennia speciosa
  • Ischnura elegans
  • Ischnura pumilio
  • Ischnura graellsii (paeninsula Iberica, Francia meridiana)
  • Ischnura genei (Mediterraneum occidentale)
  • Erythromma lindenii
  • Erythromma najas
  • Erythromma viridulum
  • Enallagma cyathigerum
  • Coenagrion ornatum
  • Coenagrion mercuriale
  • Coenagrion armatum
  • Coenagrion puella
  • Coenagrion pulchellum
  • Coenagrion hastulatum
  • Coenagrion lunulatum
  • Coenagrion caerulescens (Mediterraneum medium)
  • Coenagrion scitulum (Mediterranrum medium)

Notae

1. Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B.; Kalkman, Vincent J.; Dow, Rory A.; Stokvis, Frank R.; van Tol, Jan (2013). "Redefining the damselfly families: a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Zygoptera (Odonata)". Systematic Entomology 39 (1): 68–96 .

Bibliographia

• Berger, Cynthia. 2004. Dragonflies. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-2971-0. Editio interretialis.
• Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B. 2006. Field Guide to the Dragonflies of Britain and Europe. British Wildlife Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9531399-4-1.
• Garrison, Rosser W., Natalia von Ellenrieder, et Jerry A. Louton. Damselfly genera of the New World: an illustrated and annotated key to the Zygoptera. Baltimorae Terrae Mariae: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801896705, ISBN 0801896703.
• Paulson, Dennis. 2009. Dragonflies and Damselflies of the West. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3294-1. Google Books.
• Selys-Longchamps, Edmond de. 1854. Monographie des caloptérygines. Bruxellis et Lipsiae: C. Muquardt. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.60461. Editio interretialis.
• Trueman, John W. H., et Richard J. Rowe. 2009. "Odonata." Tree of Life.
• Wildermuth, H., Y. Gonseth, et A. Maibach. 2005. "Odonata: Die Libellen der Schweiz." Fauna Helvetica 12. ISBN 2-88414-024-7.

Nexus interni

• Lestes

Nexus externi

Vide zygoptera in Victionario.

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Zygoptera spectant.

Vide "Zygoptera" apud Vicispecies.

• "Biology and Ecology." Minnesota Dragonfly Society.
• "Dragonflies and damselflies." Featured Creatures, situs interretialis Instituti Scientiarum Ciborum et Agriculturae Universitatis Floridensis.
• "Odonata." Arbor Vitae.