Ranunculus acris L., species in Europa pervulgata, in America septentrionali inquilina
Genus Ranunculus a Linnaeo descriptus est[1], sed hoc nomen iam apud Plinium invenitur[2]. Nomen Latinum deminutivum vocabuli "rana" est, propter multas species huius generis in humentibus crescentes[3].
Herbae perennes, biennes vel annuae. Folia basalia plura, singula vel nulla; simplicia (integra vel dissecta), ternata vel pinnata. Folia caulina basalibus similia vel bracteiformia, nonnumquam nulla. Flores multi ad pauci, hermaphroditi; inflorescentia cymosa corymbiformis vel subpaniculiformis, vel flores solitarii. Sepala 3 vel 5, caduca. Petala 5, raro 3, saepius plana conspicuaque, flava, alba, vel rubra[4]; in speciebus tamen asexualibus tum 5, tum pauciora, tum nulla. Stamina saepissime multa; carpella sessilia. Fructûs achenia, a nonnullis nuculae nuncupati[5].
Genus sensu stricto et sensu lato
Ranunculus peltatus Schrank, species aquatilis ad sectionem Batrachium pertinens
Ranunculus a botanicis diverse circumscriptus est, tum latissime, inclusis generibus Coptidio et Ficaria[6]; tum strictissime, exclusis praedictis necnon Batrachio. Data karyologica Coptidium et Ficariam excludenda esse indicant, Batrachium autem includendum[7].
Species et microspecies
Ranunculi, etiamsi in humentibus saepius inveniuntur, plantae praesertim terrestres sunt; ad sectionem (vel subgenus) Batrachium tamen plantae aquatiles cum floribus albis pertinent[8].
Species Ranunculorum circiter 600 sunt[5] (133 in Europa[9], 77 in America septentrionali[10][11]), sed hic numerus computatus est non inclusis plantis quae per processus asexuales, nempe apomixin, multiplicantur. Qui Ranunculi asexuales in microspecies[12] (species asexuales, seu agamospecies, characteribus saepe difficilibus visu separatas et haud raro in parvis tantum territoriis distributis) ergo dividuntur[13], quarum numerus permagnus esse potest, exempli gratia in sola Alsatia 29[14] vel in Scandinavia 605[15]. Has microspecies, cum non faciles dignoscitu sint, saepe coniunctim tamquam species collectivae Ranunculus auricomus et Ranunculus cassubicus tractantur[16].
Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas ad genera relatas, cum diferentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Holmiae: impensis Laurentii Salvii. [p. 548] (lege hic)
Tamura M. 1995: Systematic part. — In: Hiepko P. (ed.), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, zweite Auflage. Band 17 a IV, Angiospermae: Ordnung Ranunculales, Fam. Ranunculaceae, pp. 223–497. Berolini: Duncker & Humblot.
Hiepko, P. (ed.) 1995. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Band 17 a IV: Angiospermae: Ordnung Ranunculales, Fam. Ranunculaceae. Berolini: Duncker & Humblot. ISBN 3-428-07980-9
Baltisberger, N. & Hörandl, E. 2015. Karyotype evolution supports the molecular phylogeny in the genus Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae). Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 18: 1–14. (lege hic)
Whittemore A.T. 1997. Ranunculus. — In: Morin N.R. (ed.), Flora of North America, North of Mexico, vol. 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae, pp. 88–135. Neo Eboraci–Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511246-6
Hörandl, E. 1998. Species concepts in agamic complexes: applications in the Ranunculus auricomus complex and general perspectives. Folia Geobotanica 33: 335–348.
Dunkel F.G. 2014. Le complexe de Ranunculus auricomus (Ranunculaceae) en Alsace. Journal Botanique de la Société Botanique de France, 66: 3–53. (lege hic)
Ericsson S. 2001. Ranunculus auricomus complex. — In: Jonsell, B. (ed.), Flora Nordica, vol. 2: Chenopodiaceae to Fumariaceae, pp. 237–255. Holmiae: The Bergius Foundation & Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. ISBN 91-7190-037-3
Marklund, G. 1965. Der Ranunculus auricomus-Komplex in Finnland. II. Diagnosen und Fundortslisten einiger Sippen von R. fallax (W. & Gr.) Schur, R. monophyllus Ovcz. und R. cassubicus L. Flora Fennica, 4: 1–198, tabulae 1–94.
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